Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Maranhão State, Brazil: Demographic and Socioeconomic Insights | Chapter 4 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) represents a significant public health challenge, particularly in endemic regions such as Brazil. This chapter delves into the epidemiological landscape of CL within Maranhão State, Brazil, aiming to elucidate the intricate interplay of factors contributing to its persistent prevalence. Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of epidemiological data, we explore the demographic characteristics of affected populations, the environmental determinants influencing disease transmission, and the broader socioeconomic contexts that shape vulnerability to this neglected tropical disease. The narrative highlights the specific challenges encountered in controlling CL in Maranhão and proposes forward-looking strategies for enhanced disease management and prevention. Through a detailed examination of risk factors, this chapter seeks to provide a didactic overview for researchers, public health practitioners, and policymakers, fostering a deeper understanding of CL and informing more targeted public health initiatives. These findings underscore the critical role of sociodemographic factors, such as age, gender, and educational attainment, in shaping the disease's burden, thereby reinforcing the imperative for integrated health education and preventive policies. From 2020 to 2024, 6,406 cases were registered, marked by a significant number between the years 2020 to 2023, with a substantial decrease in the year 2024, with only 676 cases. A higher prevalence was observed in the ages between 20 and 39 years, and in the ages between 40 and 59 years, with males disproportionately affected. Individuals with incomplete elementary education had a higher incidence of confirmed cases, highlighting that lower educational levels tend to be more vulnerable to infectious diseases due to a limited understanding of the forms of transmission, prevention, and symptoms. This often delays care-seeking, treatment initiation, and ongoing health monitoring. Therefore, there is a need for health education in rural areas with the aim of informing and raising awareness among the population about the disease.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Maria Eduarda Santos Ferreira
Faculty of Health Sciences Pitágoras de Codó, Codó, Brazil.

 

Fernanda da Silva Ferreira
Faculty of Health Sciences Pitágoras de Codó, Codó, Brazil.

 

Keylla da Silva Machado
Faculty of Health Sciences Pitágoras de Codó, Codó, Brazil.

 

Rodrigo Lopes Gomes Gonçalves
Faculty of Health Sciences Pitágoras de Codó, Codó, Brazil.

 

Ian Jhemes Oliveira Sousa
Faculty of Health Sciences Pitágoras de Codó, Codó, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v7/6541

Resistant Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy: Scenario of Drug Development | Chapter 6 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 The present study climaxes the Resistant Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy in Drug Development. Chemotherapy is central to the control and administration of leishmaniasis. Antimonials remain the basic drugs against different forms of leishmaniasis in various regions. However, opposition to antimony has necessitated the use of alternative drugs, especially in the Indian subcontinent. Antineoplastic power, miltefosine, introduced as the first efficient situation orally for VL, that is also an substitute situation for HIV patients. Greater understanding of fighting mechanisms and use of reliable and efficient nano-warships may be a better method to alter all scenario of leishmaniasis a destructive agent to benefit patients the one are mainly ignored poor public in the future.

Author(s) Details:

Pallab Ghosh,
Department of Pharmacognosy, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim, India.

Subhasish Mondal,
School of Pharmacy, the Neotia University, Sarisha, Diamond Harbour Road, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V1/article/view/10304

Miltefosine Nanoparticles against Leishmaniasis: Past, Present and Future| Chapter 7 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 4

 Miltefosine (MF), an alkyl phospholipid grown initially to treat breast tumor, is a highly effective situation for leishmaniasis, a neglected hot disease that is the planet's second leading cause of parasitic end of life after malaria.MF has lot-limiting gastrointestinal side effects in sufferers, and its infiltration through lipophilic barriers is lowered. This paper supplies an overview of the drug MF, its physicochemical features, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and the differing nanocarriers used. It comprehensively reviews ultimate recent published essay on different methods for increasing the bioavailability of MF for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In current years, nanomedicine has emerged at the prominence of nanotechnology, creating high beliefs in the biomedical field. Researchers are developing novel nanoparticles for diagnostic requests using image technology and treatment requests using drug delivery sciences. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), a porous material, have sparked interest on account of their appealing physicochemical properties and favorable morphological features.

Author(s) Details:

Parag Ghosh,
School of Pharmacy, The Neotia University, Sarisa, West Bengal 743368, India.

Subhasish Mondal,
School of Pharmacy, The Neotia University, Sarisa, West Bengal 743368, India.

Anirbandeep Bose,
TAAB Biostudy Services, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V4/article/view/9309

Determining the Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Leishmaniasis among Residents of Rural Marigat Sub-County, Baringo County- Kenya | Chapter 15 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are the two main types of the parasitic and vector-borne illness leishmaniasis, which has an annual prevalence of 0.95 and 0.3 million cases worldwide, respectively. In Kenya's Baringo County, the study examined the risk variables associated with leishmaniasis and its prevalence. A mixed method analytical cross-sectional study design was employed by the researchers. 333 household heads from Kenya's Baringo County were enlisted for the study. Researchers used multistage sample techniques and purposeful sampling to recruit study participants. 96 out of 333 participants reported having leishmaniasis, making the frequency of the disease 28.8%. Living in a temporary home was linked to an increased risk of getting leishmaniasis (OR = 5, 95 percent CI 2.64 - 9.44), Living below the poverty line (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 0.23-0.78), having only completed elementary school (OR = 8.6, 95% CI 0.14-0.97), having termite hills (OR = 7.6, 95% CI 0.60-0.97), and having soil cracks (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 0.16-0.50). Wearing long sleeves after sunset (OR = 2.5, 95 percent CI 0.24 - 0.84), using a bed net (OR = 3.5, 95 percent CI 1.90 - 6.57), and using a repellant (OR = 3.7, 95 percent CI 1.58 - 8.58) were all linked to a lower risk of contracting leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis was shown to be made worse in the study area by illiteracy, living in substandard housing, being homeless, termite hills, and soil fractures close to the residential area. The government should work with development partners to enhance people's livelihoods, and individuals should get rid of any dormant termite mounds that are close to their homes.

Author (s) Details:

Martin Philipo Gwandi,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mount Kenya University, Kenya.

Alfred Owino Odongo,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mount Kenya University, Kenya.

Peter G. Kirira,
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Kenya.

Esleen Jeruto,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mount Kenya University, Kenya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V1/article/view/7437

Constraints and Challenges of Local Operationalization of the National Leishmaniasis Control Program by Health Professionals: A Pioneer Study in Morocco | Chapter 02 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 Background: The goal of this study is to examine health professionals' understanding of leishmaniasis in order to establish the strengths and weaknesses in local leishmaniasis control efforts, as well as to identify the factors that contribute to underreporting of cases. This study also aims to reveal health professionals' understanding of leishmaniasis, as well as their role in the program's peripheral management and their experiences with leishmaniasis patients. Morocco wants to be free of leishmaniasis by 2030. These conditions can be cutaneous or visceral, and they constitute a major public health concern. These parasites are being fought as part of a statewide leishmaniasis control effort that includes free treatment. On the other hand, the screening rate in public health facilities does not exceed 35%.

Objective: To contribute to the analysis and understanding of the factors that contribute to underreporting and the development of scientific recommendations to improve leishmaniasis screening and control activities, determine the knowledge and experience of social actors directly involved in the fight against leishmaniasis.

Methods: During April and May 2019, we performed an exploratory survey among all health professionals working in public health structures in the province of ELHajeb in central Morocco, using a self-administered questionnaire.

The majority of health professionals had an excellent understanding of the clinical indicators of each variety of leishmaniasis, but they had incorrect information about the disease's true vector, reservoirs, and mechanism of transmission. Only 17 percent got ongoing education whereas 76 percent were aware of the national leishmaniasis control programme. The curative parts of the programme were the emphasis of 85 percent of these specialists. Patients do not adhere to antileishmaniasis treatment in 47% of cases, and the populace uses the term "Hboub of Chniwla" to refer to cutaneous leishmaniasis in 25% of cases.

Conclusion: The study found that operationalizing the leishmaniases control program's operations reveals some flaws that explain the underscreening of cases. Improvement of this condition necessitates the establishment of ongoing caregiver training and citizen awareness-raising activities that should focus on the route of transmission, reservoir prevention, sand flies bites, and detection of lesions utilising the disease's popular names as a starting point.

Author(S) Details

K. El-Mouhdi
Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco and ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Technics Meknes, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Morocco.

A. Chahlaoui
Natural Resources Management and Development Team, Laboratory of Health and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco.

M. Fekhaoui
Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V6/article/view/6414

Determining the Role of Aspiration Cytology in Splenic Lesions | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Background: Since the turn of the century, splenic fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been utilised as a diagnostic technique, with the first report being in 1916. It has a reputation for being dangerous and difficult to judge, yet these stereotypes are completely false. The FNAC test is still the easiest, cheapest, and safest way to diagnose a problem.

The purpose of this research was to assess and determine the diagnostic value of aspiration cytology in splenic lesions.

Methods: In our retrospective investigation, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the spleen was conducted in 34 patients, with 28 cases aspirated under ultrasonological guidance and 6 cases aspirated blindly. There were 23 male and 11 female patients with ages ranging from 2 to 69 years old, as well as 8 juvenile patients. Prior to the procedure, all necessary precautions and testing were completed, including a coagulation profile.

Results: Bloody aspirates were found in five of the 34 FNAC instances, whereas normal splenic aspirates were found in the other two. A definitive diagnosis could be made in 27 of the instances. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was the most common non-neoplastic condition (8 cases), followed by tuberculosis (4 cases), kala azar (3 cases), and storage disease (3 cases), and granulomas (2 cases). In the neoplastic group, we had two cases of non-Hodgkins lymphoma, one case of Hodgkin lymphoma, two cases of hairy cell leukaemia, and one case of histiocytosis. There were no significant variations in cellularity when aspiration was done blindly or with ultrasound assistance. There were no procedural issues uncovered during our investigation.

As a result, when used as a primary inquiry and carried out with extreme caution, FNAC spleen is a safe, low-cost, fast, and highly diagnostic treatment.

Author(S) Details

Shweta Garg
Department of Pathology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Nisha Malik
Department of Pathology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Veena Sharma
Department of Pathology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V11/article/view/4645