Serum IgG Levels against Two Debilitating Parasites in Household Animals in Franceville, Gabon: Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum | Chapter 7 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 10

Background: Low local production of meat needs to be improved. This state is due in part, to abortion caused by infection. Management of livestock may be an important factor in limiting the spread of abortive parasites.

Objectives: To compare two breeding systems: (1) the rural method in which animals breed in the wild, no food is given, and there is no drinking water point and no shelter; (2) the modern type, characterized by providing food, water, shelter, fences, and hygiene.

Methodology: Anti-Toxoplasma gondii was measured with the modified agglutination test (MAT) and Neospora caninum with an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

Results: Here, 212 domestic animals were screened. Sheep had the highest incidence (82.14%), followed by cattle (26%), pigs (20%), ducks (19.05%), and chickens (17.78%). When comparing the different species according to the breeding system, we found that for chickens, the rural style of breeding was associated with the highest incidence of T. gondii compared with the modern breeding method (40% versus 4%; p=0.0004). Similarly, pigs bred according to the rural method had a higher incidence compared with the modern breeding method (48% versus 0%; p=0.0001). N. caninum antibodies were present in 32.14% of sheep and 50% of goats.

Conclusion: This study suggests that incidence of N. caninum and T. gondii may vary according to the breeding method.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Akue Jean Paul
Department of Medical Parasitology (UPARAM), CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon.

 

Badiambile Julie
Department of Medical Parasitology (UPARAM), CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon.

 

Mbou Moutsimbi Roger Antoin
Departement de Zootechnologie, Institut National Supérieur D’agronomie et de Biotechnologie (INSAB), USTM, Franceville, Gabon.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v10/4165

Establishment of Community-Level Epidemiological Surveillance Systems to Reduce Disease Incidence in Rural Communities of Sierra Leone | Chapter 9 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

Using the native intelligence of rural people to establish a surveillance system reduces morbidity, mortality, poverty, and zoonotic and neglected disease outbreaks among humans and animals. With the high level of animal-human interaction, there was a strong justification for establishing Surveillance sentinels for monitoring zoonotic diseases. People in rural communities constantly interact with domestic and wildlife, placing them at high risk of disease exposure. The study’s main objective was to explore livestock and wildlife disease interface and transmission chains within the human population in the selected communities and establish community-level epidemiological surveillance systems to reduce disease incidence. Health personnel are unevenly distributed, with the majority in the capital cities, making rural communities lack professional health personnel and health care service providers. Poverty limited rural people’s access to healthcare facilities. Emerging disease outbreaks resulting from complicated environmental changes pose a fundamental challenge in low-income countries, impacting the foundation of human and animal health. People find it difficult to reach medical centers due to insufficient funds. The study recorded stories from the people who have been directly affected by the Ebola virus, a zoonotic disease whose spread could have been quickly curbed had surveillance and AHC been fully functional in Sierra Leone. In Sierra Leone, more than half of the population lives in rural communities (58%), with a multidimensional poverty index of 64.8%. The Animal Health Club engaged thirty (30) villages in a focus group discussion and in-depth interview. Animal Health Club used information obtained to develop a semi-structured questionnaire (600) and observed the people during the talks. Community people identify nine sources of diseases, including humans, poultry, wildlife, pets, ruminants’ crops, water, toilets, and garbage dumps. The people elected/selected an executive to organize and nominate people to supervise the nine sources of diseases. Large villages were divided into zones, while smaller villages remained the same. The people identified ten domestic animals and twenty-four wildlife animals in their communities and some diseases associated with them. They also revealed a high level of interaction between domestic, wildlife, and humans in towns and bush in their respective communities. Rural people believed animals transfer diseases to humans in various ways. However, people contract diseases more from human-human interaction than human-animal interaction. The study’s main objective was to explore livestock and wildlife disease interface and transmission chains within the human population in the selected communities and establish community-level epidemiological surveillance systems to reduce disease incidence.  Animal Health Club brings people together in a town or village to achieve a common goal and objective. Such unity increases peace and security in the community and improves health, livelihood, food, and human safety in a cheap, long-lasting, and self-sustainable manner.

Author(s) Details:

Suluku R.,
Department of Animal Science, Njala University, Sierra Leone.

Macavoray A.,
Department of Animal Science, Njala University, Sierra Leone.

Kallon M. N.,
Department of Animal Science, Njala University, Sierra Leone.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V2/article/view/13509

Symptoms of Heat Stress in Farm Animals and Negative Effects on Growth and Milk Production | Chapter 8 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 5

 Air temperatures of 13 to 20°C, wind speeds of 5 to 18 km/hr, relative humidity of 55 to 65 percent, and moderate sunshine are ideal climatic conditions for cattle, buffaloes, sheep goats, rabbits, and poultry, and these elements are connected. The climatic feature is the principal constraint on animal productivity in tropical and subtropical nations. High ambient temperature, intense sun radiation, and high relative humidity characterise Egypt's summer. As a result, farm animals are subjected to extreme climate stress for over six months of the year. As a result of the drastic changes in biological functions caused by heat stress, which include a decrease in feed intake, feed efficiency, and utilisation, disturbances in water, protein, energy, and mineral balances, enzymatic activities, hormonal secretions, and blood metabolites, and impaired productive and reproductive performance, growth, milk production, and reproduction are all reduced by about 50%.

Author(s) Details:
Alsaied Alnaimy Mostafa Habeeb,
Department of Biological Applications, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Radioisotopes Applications Division, Nuclear Research Center, Inshas, Cairo, P.O.13759, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V5/article/view/5717

Sars COV 2 in Animals – The Beginning | Chapter 5 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 It is stressed that the medical staff is at most risk, and this is true. Carriers may become infected or carry the virus as a result of constant contact with possibly compromised patients. In this context, it's worth noting that veterinarians are at a higher risk of infection than the general public. It reports and publishes information on the existence of COVID19 in animals in the world literature and international epizootic forums. This virus has been confirmed in several animals, primarily pets from families with multiple carriers. Dyspnea, fever, poor general health, and trouble breathing were all symptoms in pets who tested positive. The International Office of Epizootics cites a few isolated cases in which they tested positive in laboratory tests, but their research yielded some key discoveries for comprehending the new disease's epidemiology. The SARS-CoV-2 infection was clearly linked to the situation of the owners, who were also positive, in the case of dogs and cats discovered positive. The detailed studies found that the dogs and cats were not the source of the owners' ailment, but rather received it from their owners. And, more importantly, it was animals who were victims of humans, not the other way around. Cats and ferrets are the most commonly criticised pets; they were also seen in clinical manifestations and might potentially spread the sickness to other cats. Dogs don't appear to be as sensitive as humans. Veterinary medicine is caught in the middle: on the one hand, it has a professional obligation to investigate the possible source of animal infection using its own and specific methods, but on the other hand, it has a professional duty to defend the innocence of some animal species that have been wrongfully accused and possibly incriminated. Let's not forget that Covid 19 is a syndrome, not an illness, thus clinical misinterpretations are possible. Medical and veterinary databases on the occurrence, the beginning of the pandemic's evolution were accessible as study objectives.

Author(S) Details

Stefan Gregore Ciornei
Department of Clinics, Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi, Romania.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V4/article/view/4847

Study on Identifying the Cattle Diseases Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 4

Livestock is one of India's most important industries. There are 56.7 percent buffaloes, 12.5 percent cattle, 20.4 percent small ruminants, 2.4 percent camels, 1.4 percent equestrian, 1.5 percent pigs, and 3.1 percent poultry in the country. The average production of milk or meat from animals in the United States is 20-60% lower than the global average. Due to a lack of breeding, feeding, health, and management concerns, their output potential is not fully realised. Also, infections such as Brucellosis, Swine Fever, and others affect the animals. There is insufficient veterinarian support for this. This research focuses on applying Artificial and Machine Learning techniques to identify these diseases in cattle. Four important diseases are discussed in this paper: FMD (Foot and Mouth Disease), HS, BQ (Black Quarter), and Anthrax. A camera-based mobile app is being developed to detect illnesses. To detect, store, and predict the sickness, data science and deep learning technology are applied. Once the data has been analysed, the results can be communicated with clinicians in the area through cell phone. Some drugs could be provided by farmers themselves, based on doctor's advise. As a result, a single doctor may virtually serve a larger number of patients..

 

Author (S) Details

H. S. Anupama
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, India.

B. A. Usha
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, India.

M. Aishwarya
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, India.

View Book https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V4/article/view/3999