The Steel Evolutionary Spine Revisited, with Implications and Consequences | Chapter 12 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 1

 

Fractal evolution is apparently effective in selectively preserving environmentally resilient traits for more than 80 million years in Streptotrichaceae (Bryophyta). The modern bryoflora first appeared in mid to late Cretaceous times, about 80–100 mya. Analysis simulated the maximum destruction of ancestral traits in that large lineage. Constraints enforced were the preservation of the newest ancestral traits, and all immediate descendant species obtained different new traits. Assuming the generation of one genus from an ancestral species in another genus takes 22 ± 17.25 mya on average, and assuming a punctuated equilibrium burst of descendant generation, then the number of ancestor-to-ancestor steps measures the temporal depth of a lineage. Maximum character state changes of ancestral traits were 16 percent of all possible traits in any one sub-lineage, or 73 percent total of the entire lineage. Results showed, however, that only four ancestral traits are permanently eliminated in any one lineage or sub-lineage. A lineage maintains maximum biodiversity of temporally and regionally survival-effective traits at minimum expense to resilience across geologic time of 88 million years for the group studied. Similar processes generating extant punctuated equilibrium as bursts of about four descendants per genus and one genus per 1–2 epochs are possible in other living groups given similar emergent processes. The mechanism is considered complexity-related, the lineage is a self-organized emergent phenomenon strongly maintained in the ecosphere by natural selection on fractal genera. For this re-evaluation, an addendum discusses the prospect of human long-term survival, the isomorphism of human and moss lineage preservation, and finally the problems for systematic biology and all of evolutionary study generated by a conflict between analysis by shared ancestry and ancestor-descendant trait changes.

 

Author (s) Details

Richard H. Zander
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U.S.A.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v1/2228

 

River Encroachment in Dhaka City | Chapter 5 | Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Materials Sciences Vol. 2

 The affiliate aims at reviewing differing causes of river infringement in Dhaka with grave results of encroachment and suggesting measures that would insulate the rivers and assert ecological sustainability. Dhaka city is situated at the center point of the flat deltaic plain of the three major waterway systems containing the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna. The city is surrounded by the distributaries of these rivers. They are the Balu and the Shitalakhya on the orient, the Turag on the west and north, and the Buriganga on the cold. Being expanded fast in an unplanned habit with the exceptional increase of population, land shortage and land price, Dhaka city’s peripheral district reached the banks of the waterways. Rivers of Dhaka are now under weighty threat of destruction due to step-by-step encroachment that is narrowing below the rivers. Thus, the waterways require next recovery conduct to minimize the adverse belongings of encroachment.

Author(s) Details:

Tazeen Fatima Khan,

Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Swarnali Mahmood,

Department of Coastal Studies and Disaster Management, University of Barishal, Barishal, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTEIMS-V2/article/view/11312

Extinction of Home Elephant in Eco-Tourism, Daklak Province | Chapter 11 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 2

 The goal of this study is to save domestic elephants in the Central Highlands, which are on the verge of extinction. Field study with interviews, field observations with a large number of samples (n>30), and the number of repeats of the survey sample (>3) were used as research methodologies.

1 - Domestic elephants contribute significantly to economic development, life, spirituality, and, most importantly, to the conservation and development of eco-tourism. 2- The ability to secure a location for Elephants is extremely weak; the capacity to offer nutrients to Elephants is very inadequate; 3 - Elephant fertility is problematic since it takes only; 4 - years to give birth to a baby, male elephants are very rare, and copulation opportunities are limited. Male elephants are in short supply (the pay is insufficient), but marble elephants serve tourists at all hours of the day and night. On the other hand, people's methods and techniques for rearing elephants are outdated and ineffective. In addition, illegal hunting continues to take place in secrecy. 4- Elephant tourism focuses solely on profit, and it exploits elephants to the point of exhaustion. Furthermore, the state prohibited the hunting of wild elephants before training them to become domestic elephants. As a result, the current elephant herd is too old to replace newborn elephants. 5-The potential of "extinction" of domestic elephants is very real; it is predicted that the domestic elephant herd will become extinct in roughly 20 years if it is not replenished and corrected.

Author(S) Details

Ba Le Huy
Chairman of Science, and Education Council, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, (HUFI), Viet Nam.

Hiep Nguyen Van
Department of Natural Resources & Environment of Dak Nong Province, Viet Nam.

Thanh Le Minh
Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI), Viet Nam.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V2/article/view/5740

Studies on Global Redox Carbon Cycle and Periodicity of Some Phenomena in Biosphere (6381)| Chapter 4 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 6

 A global redox carbon cycle model is used to investigate the irregular periodicity of some biosphere events such as climatic cycles, mass extinctions, sudden changes in biodiversity rate, and others over geological time. It is demonstrated that the periodicity of these various natural events is caused by a single cause. Moving lithospheric plates have a periodic impact on photosynthesis via CO2 injections, which is the cause. The oxidation of sedimentary organic matter via thermochemical sulphate reduction from the subduction zone, where plates clash, is the source of CO2. Orogenic cycles are generated by the periodicity and irregularity of lithospheric plate movement, which occur against a backdrop of orogenic cycles. Identify the geological events that occurred in the past. Orogenic cycles occurred until the carbon cycle reached the ecological compensation point, which occurs when the amount of photosynthetically produced carbon equals the amount of reduced carbon oxidised in the Earth's crust's various oxidation processes. Long-term orogenic cycles were replaced by short-term climatic oscillations after this time. The orogenic cycles and climatic oscillations share the same set of characteristics, indicating that they are of the same nature. The only things that have changed are the length of the event and the magnitude of its impact.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Alexander A. Ivlev
Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy of Timiryazev, Timiryazevskaya str. 49 Moscow 127550, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V6/article/view/2830