The Steel Evolutionary Spine Revisited, with Implications and Consequences | Chapter 12 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 1

 

Fractal evolution is apparently effective in selectively preserving environmentally resilient traits for more than 80 million years in Streptotrichaceae (Bryophyta). The modern bryoflora first appeared in mid to late Cretaceous times, about 80–100 mya. Analysis simulated the maximum destruction of ancestral traits in that large lineage. Constraints enforced were the preservation of the newest ancestral traits, and all immediate descendant species obtained different new traits. Assuming the generation of one genus from an ancestral species in another genus takes 22 ± 17.25 mya on average, and assuming a punctuated equilibrium burst of descendant generation, then the number of ancestor-to-ancestor steps measures the temporal depth of a lineage. Maximum character state changes of ancestral traits were 16 percent of all possible traits in any one sub-lineage, or 73 percent total of the entire lineage. Results showed, however, that only four ancestral traits are permanently eliminated in any one lineage or sub-lineage. A lineage maintains maximum biodiversity of temporally and regionally survival-effective traits at minimum expense to resilience across geologic time of 88 million years for the group studied. Similar processes generating extant punctuated equilibrium as bursts of about four descendants per genus and one genus per 1–2 epochs are possible in other living groups given similar emergent processes. The mechanism is considered complexity-related, the lineage is a self-organized emergent phenomenon strongly maintained in the ecosphere by natural selection on fractal genera. For this re-evaluation, an addendum discusses the prospect of human long-term survival, the isomorphism of human and moss lineage preservation, and finally the problems for systematic biology and all of evolutionary study generated by a conflict between analysis by shared ancestry and ancestor-descendant trait changes.

 

Author (s) Details

Richard H. Zander
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U.S.A.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v1/2228

 

An Analysis of the Philosophy behind Sampling in History Education Research | Chapter 2 | Research Highlights in Language, Literature and Education Vol. 4

 The item lays emphasis on incorporating sipping techniques in a record education research work in order to preserve money and additional resources. In many cases, a history instruction researcher is incapable to cover the whole population of interest at which point case, a sample that is constituent the study population is taken. When a experiences education investigator uses only part of a given people, we refer to the study as a sample survey and in the case place a history education analyst uses the whole populace in a given history instruction research; we say that a past education researcher is completing activity a ‘census’ or ‘bulk survey’. History education research gives us a clear view of the past and present so that predict the future. History education research determines us with a better appreciation of the culture and the act which annals education is to play in the progress of people. The purpose of this item is to guide history instruction researchers believe the philosophy behind sampling in annals education research.

Author(s) Details:

Muleke Paul,
Department of Foundations of Education, Faculty of Education, Mountains of the Moon University Fortportal Tourism City, Uganda.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHLLE-V4/article/view/10159

A Mixed-methods Study to Explore Statistical Quality and Utilization of Research Articles Published in Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal (2010-2019) | Chapter 08 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 The goal of the study was to gather all evidence in the study design and statistical analysis utilised in research articles published in a peer-reviewed health research journal widely distributed in Myanmar. End-user views were also investigated in order to improve the dissemination of research findings.

Mixed Methods Research Design was used in this study.

Methodology: The study designs and statistical procedures utilised in all research publications (n=391) published in the Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal (MHSRJ) from 2010 to 2019 were examined using a standardised checklist. End-users were interviewed in depth to discover how the research findings could be applied and to find ways to increase accessibility and distribution systems.

Results: Descriptive (cross-sectional) studies (n=191,49 percent) and fundamental scientific (laboratory-based) research (n=129, 33 percent) were the most regularly employed study designs in the literature. Analytical observational studies (n=49, 12 percent) and clinical trials (n=22, 6 percent) made up the rest. Parametric data analysis methods were used in 206 studies (64 percent). The most widely used statistical methods were basic statistics, contingency table analyses, epidemiological statistics, t-test, correlation, and regression analysis, which accounted for 77 percent of the statistical tests. Only a few (16 percent, n=57) of the articles mentioned the sample size computation, despite the fact that the sampling unit and study area/site were completely described in over 92 percent (n=363) of the studies. It was noticed that poor study design and/or statistical methods were used, as well as failures to state the underlying assumption when employing statistical methods. The research findings were also judged to be valuable, but the Journal's dissemination was limited.

Conclusion: According to our findings, a reader with a basic understanding of descriptive statistics, contingency table analysis, epidemiological methods, t-tests, and regression analysis will be able to comprehend 77% of the journal's articles. Flaws in research design and statistical analysis must be addressed in order for paper quality to improve. The use of social media networks may help to spread the word about research findings published in the Journal.

Author(S) Details

Myo Khin
Yangon Research Consultative Group, Myanmar.

Le Le Win
Yangon Research Consultative Group, Myanmar.

San Shwe
Yangon Research Consultative Group, Myanmar.

Khin May Oo
Yangon Research Consultative Group, Myanmar.

Ye Htut
Yangon Research Consultative Group, Myanmar.

Aung Myo Min
Yangon Research Consultative Group, Myanmar.

Htain Win
Yangon Research Consultative Group, Myanmar.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V7/article/view/6595

Effective Elimination of Analog Impairments Error in Parallel Interleaving Sigma Delta A/D Converters: A Recent Study | Chapter 5 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 7

 Oversampling sigma delta modulators that produce one bit samples of input signals can be utilised to make AD converters that can produce multi bit samples with high resolution but low sampling frequency, or poor resolution samples with high sampling frequency. Using numerous converters running in parallel in a time interleaved manner is one approach of overcoming this limitation. The resolution of the converter's digital output can be greatly increased in this manner, reducing the quantising error value. However, parallel converters' analogue flaws induce modulation of the output samples, which can significantly deteriorate the converter's capabilities. Many articles detailing different architectures of Σ-Δ AD converters limit their analysis to the frequency domain, ignoring the fact that Σ-Δ modulators are synchronous voltage to frequency converters. This paper shows how, by understanding the time domain properties of Σ-Δ modulators, the problem of analogue converter impairments can be overcome, resulting in a better design of high resolution Σ-Δ AD converters.

Author (s) Details

Tadeusz Sidor
University of Occupational Safety Management in Katowice, Poland.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V7/article/view/2224