Understanding the Impact of Stigma and Discrimination on Adherence to Medication amongst People Living with HIV in Nigeria: A Mixed Method Study | Chapter 2 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 9

 

The present study determines the impact of Stigma and Discrimination amongst People Living with HIV and their Adherence to Medication in North Central Nigeria. Stigma has been and will continue to be one of the factors influencing the prevention and treatment of some diseases in the health sector if adequate measures are not taken to address it. In spite of the identification of stigma as a factor impeding public utilisation of HIV counselling, testing, and treatment services in Nigeria, gaps still exist in knowledge on the impact of stigma, and discrimination on adherence to medication and outcomes amongst people living with HIV (PLWH). It has been observed that even healthcare workers isolate HIV/AIDS patients from other ones, refuse to admit them to the hospital, wear extra cloves when examining them, and charge very high fees for care. This study adopted mixed methods to examine the impact of stigma and discrimination on adherence to medication amongst PLWH in Nigeria. A sample of 1,621 respondents was collected using multi-stage and purposive sampling methods. Structured interviews using questionnaires and in-depth interviews (using a guide) were utilised for data collection. SPSS (version 21) was used for quantitative data analysis while the qualitative data was analysed thematically. There are 46.3% men and 53.7% women respondents. Generally, their income is low, 70.7% are earning less than N25,000 (approximately $125 USD) per month. Some of the HIV patients are stigmatised. In reaction, they avoid public places, and travel long distances away from their immediate community to collect drugs and to avoid being noticed around the centers. They sometimes miss taking drugs regularly as prescribed, suffer depression and die. Those who are alive continue to suffer social exclusion within the communities. Stigma and discrimination impede adherence to medication amongst PLHW in Nigeria. More efforts should be made to create awareness to reduce the stigma and discrimination of HIV patients while augmenting their income to meet up with the challenges of adherence to medication and social acceptability. Policies addressing discrimination of PLWH in the family, marriage and employment domains would be of great help. The overall benefits would be enhanced mechanisms of HIV prevention, treatment and control in the study area.

 

Author(s) Details

Godwin Aondohemba Timiun

Department of Sociology, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria and Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v9/205

Business Decisions and Workforce Diversity: A Case Study of Discrimination Challenges in South Africa’s SME Hotel Sector | Chapter 8 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 8

The hotel industry is a significant contributor to the global service economy, providing employment opportunities for individuals worldwide. However, the implementation of workforce diversity and inclusion policies remains a controversial topic that requires the attention of policymakers. In this regard, this article explores the implementation of workforce diversity in small and medium-sized (SME) organizations, particularly in hotels, to mitigate discrimination in South Africa.

This quantitative study explores the implementation of workforce diversity in (SMEs) hotels, to mitigate discrimination in South Africa. The data was collected using a 5-point Likert Scale. A systematic literature survey was conducted to gather current articles on the topic. Voluntary participants from seven SME hotels responded to questionnaires, with an initial 136 responses. After screening, 120 participants (88.24%) met all criteria for inclusion in the analysis.

This study reveals 61.8% of respondents said management is not committed to diversity. Many (98.3%) disagreed that there is a fair and equal treatment to everyone, 95% disagreed that everyone had the same access to opportunities. A high number (97.5%) reported experiencing discrimination and harassment, and there was disagreement (94.2%) about fair promotion decisions. People of color are disproportionately affected.

Given the gravity of the situation, it is incumbent on the government to intervene and help SMEs enforce workforce diversity policies. The government must enforce implementation of diversity, provide free diversity and discrimination training to employees and managers, and conduct regular inspections to ensure compliance. This research serves as a call to action, shedding light on the need for positive social change.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Nyamupachari Vareta
Durban University of Technology, South Africa.

 

B.I Dlamini
Durban University of Technology, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v8/3152

The Impact of Workplace Inequality and Discrimination on Individual Development and Organisational Performance: A Case Study of Durban’s Hospitality Sector, South Africa | Book Publisher International

Workplaces now consist of many cultures. This varied work environment allows employers opportunities to generate strategies that value diversity while eliminating workplace disparity and prejudice. This research examines the impact of workplace inequality and discrimination on individual development and organizational performance within the hospitality sector in Durban, South Africa.  Using a qualitative approach, the study explores employees' lived experiences through interviews, observations, and thematic analysis with NVivo software. The interviews were conducted face-to-face, audio-recorded, and transcribed. Findings reveal four major themes—recruitment practices, emotional responses, workplace discrimination, and inequality—underscoring the persistence of systemic racism and exploitation, particularly affecting Black employees, women, and foreign workers. The study highlights the negative repercussions on employee motivation, productivity, and organizational performance. According to the results, (95%) of participants say inequality and discrimination are serious against black people, in the hotel Industry. Most feel apartheid has not yet ended in South Africa. The results also show that (80%) of the participants find no relevance in learning or developing themselves in a toxic environment. Findings reveal four major themes—recruitment practices, emotional responses, workplace discrimination, and inequality—underscoring the persistence of systemic racism and exploitation, particularly affecting Black employees, women, and foreign workers. The study highlights the negative repercussions on employee motivation, productivity, and organizational performance.  Workers who are discriminated against suffer from low self-esteem and are traumatised. Emotional impact results in a lack of motivation, demoralisation, depression, etc. The social impact results in stress, poor relationships, and poor productivity. The lack of transparency reduces employee participation and turns them into an organisation's enemy. Practical recommendations include strengthening diversity management. The government must revisit its position on racism, enforce anti-discrimination policies, and enhance systematic training programs to foster inclusivity. These findings contribute valuable insights for HR managers, trade unions, and policymakers to address workplace disparities in the South African hotel industry.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Nyamupachari Vareta
Faculty of Management Sciences, Durban University of Technology, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-36-7

Understanding the Experiences of and Challenges Faced by LGBT+ Employees at Workplaces in India: Embracing Diversity and Inclusion | Chapter 10 | Recent Trends in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 8

 Objective: The objective concerning this study is to believe the experiences of and challenges confronted by LGBT+ employees at various workplaces in India.Introduction: Not many things belonging to gay, gay, epicene, and transgender (LGBT+) community are open about their similarity in society or at their business. There is scarcity of data on LGBT+ staff members at workplace in India accompanying very few employers encouraging alive hiring of the society or considering bearing policies in place for these things.Methods: A survey of 10 questions was conducted and solved by LGBT+ individuals the one are employees and now work in India. The employees of some type of organization were admitted to take the survey. The questionnaire probed into miscellaneous aspects of their knowledge at the workplace.Results: 103 things answered the survey. Only 17 (16.50%) responders out of 103 are entirely open about their sexual orientation when in fact 6 are partially open. 8 survey takers stated to have faced habitual skepticism after beginning about their sexuality at the workplace inasmuch as 16 out of 23 have confronted some form of bias. Only 18 survey takers said that they wish at hand out to their associates in the near future.Conclusion: Very few (16.50%) LGBT+ employees are open about their lust at the workplace. In a people where alternate preference of sexual partner is still a taboo, discrimination and badgering are likely to occur to these individuals. The study has certain restraints such as narrow sample size and further research is urged to build upon the consequences of this study. Hence, skilled is a need for protective laws for LGBT attendants.

Author(s) Details:

Abhay Mane,
Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTASS-V8/article/view/12038

Adaptability of Language Planning Models for Sri Lanka's Medium of Instruction in Higher Education Institutions: Challenges and Opportunities | Chapter 9 | Research Highlights in Language, Literature and Education Vol. 8

In conditions of seeking the potential of establishing the medium of instruction in Sri Lanka's university institutions, a picked number of language preparation models is scrutinized in the present study. The effectiveness of Haugen's model of language preparation, Donnacha's three-level language preparation view and integrated terminology planning model, and Milligan's system thinking approach are deliberate for achieving the pronounced purpose.The challenges faced by university in Sri Lanka have also been considerate by the paper, emphasizing on the inadequacy of mechanics skills development, interpretation of the quality of graduates, and bias based on skill and language skills. While suggesting any of potential solutions, multi-adjustment to culture through branch campuses and connected to the internet programs, student scholarships, and distance education programs are submitted as major answers to these problems.Ultimately, the item concludes that the choice of the style planning model may believe the context and purpose for that it is being used, but productive language planning can have important benefits for society.

Author(s) Details:

Niruba Sarath Jayasundara,
Department of Languages and Communication Studies, Faculty of Communication and Business Studies, Trincomalee Campus, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Trincomalee-31000, Sri Lanka.

Wijesekara Mudiyanselage Sumith Dananjaya,
Department of Languages and Communication Studies, Faculty of Communication and Business Studies, Trincomalee Campus, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Trincomalee-31000, Sri Lanka.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHLLE-V8/article/view/11661

The Effects of Property Price Volatility, Rent Flows and Foreclosure Costs on Rational Discrimination in Mortgage Lending | Chapter 8 | Modern Perspectives in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 6

 Significant disparities in credit availability, loan terms, and lending volume between demographically dissimilar groups of borrowers are sometimes regarded as evidence of possible ethnic, racial, or gender discrimination by lenders. Extant models of lending discrimination based on assumptions of credit market inefficiencies, such as adverse selection, are becoming increasingly implausible due to the competitive structure of credit markets and the accuracy of evaluating individual credit risk. We explore a model of mortgage lending in an economy with complete markets, common information, and arbitrage-free pricing, which is in sharp contrast to existing models of demographic discrimination. Even when borrowers who are only distinguishable by observable demographic factors share an identical measure of individual credit risk, market equilibria in this classical context may demonstrate discrimination. When rational lenders believe that one or more of these traits are directly related to adverse features of the representative property securing the loan to a borrower in this class, higher loan terms, a higher frequency of loan denials, or complete rationing of credit to this class of borrowers may be a value-maximizing strategy. These qualities, which are not included in typical statistical underwriting and regulatory review procedures, lower the value of the collateral available to the lender in the case of future default. Discrimination on this basis will be a property of all market equilibria and can be consistent with an efficient allocation of credit when loans are secured by such properties and both lenders and borrowers act strategically.

Author (S) Details

David Nickerson
Rogers School of Management, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MPEBM-V6/article/view/3410

Study on Naturalization: The Case for Constitutional Reform to Extend Citizenship to Immigrant in Liberia | Chapter 8 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 12

 By analysing survey, remittance, and naturalisation data collected by Afrobarometer (Round 5 and 6 Surveys), USD Explorer, 2015 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, and TLC Africa from 2011 to 2015, this study examines critical elements of extending citizenship to entrepreneurial minority groups (Lebanese, Mandingos, Indians, Nigerians, and Westerners) and Liberian dual citizens in Liberia. This is performed by examining relationships between variables such as Liberians' gender in survey replies, West African opinions, Liberian naturalisation in advanced countries, and so on. Using Liberia's remittances (inflow and outflow) to demonstrate the economic benefits of granting foreigners citizenship. In the long run, recruiting entrepreneurial groups raises investment in new domestic enterprises, which is likely to lead to changes in national industries, improved citizens' technical abilities, permanent job creation, and improved citizens' living conditions, as well as increasing democratisation.

Author (S) Details

Stephen H. Gobewole
Walden University, 718 Roosevelt Avenue, Pawtucket, RI 02880, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IEAM-V12/article/view/2074