A Brief study about Alzheimer’s Disease and Stem Cell | Chapter 11 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent kind of dementia, characterised by a rapid deterioration in one's ability to retain memories, think coherently, and eventually function independently.

The processes responsible for maintaining normal protein composition begin to deteriorate with age, causing several alterations in the human body. The Alzheimer's Society promotes the advancement of stem cell research in order to better understand dementia's causes and identify novel treatments. Recent study has shown that stem cells can increase synaptic strength, microglial activity, angiogenesis, mitochondrial function, autophagy, and apoptosis in animal models of Alzheimer's disease.

Based on recent observations showing neurogenesis decreases drastically in Alzheimer's disease patients compared to healthy individuals, neural stem cells (NSC) are forming a new element of disease manifestation. Furthermore, the finding of exosomes produced from mesenchymal stem cells is regarded as a novel way to intercellular communication that has provided new insight on the development of disease-modifying therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.

Currently, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology appears to be a potential method for developing trustworthy models, gaining a better understanding of the genesis of the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease, and screening effective anti-AD medications.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)-derived three-dimensional (3D) brain organoid systems have shown great promise in recreating key characteristics of AD pathogenesis, such as amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle-like formations.

Author(S) Details

A. El Shawarby
Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

S. M. M. Omar
Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and Histology Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Egypt.

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Impact of Alcohol Exposure on the Composition of HeLa-Derived Extracellular Vesicles | Chapter 14 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 Extracellular vesicles are nanosized vesicles whose function in intercellular communication is being studied extensively. Extracellular vesicles are being studied for their potential as disease biomarkers and/or vaccine agents, as well as their function in disease defence. Since cervical cancer has such a high mortality rate, more research about how to diagnose and treat the disease is required. Several researchers have begun to look into extracellular vesicles and their function in disease defence in this regard. The aim of this study was to see how alcohol affected the biogenesis and composition of extracellular vesicles derived from the HeLa cervical cancer cell line. HeLa cells were cultured in exosome-free media and either mock-treated (control) or treated with 50 mM or 100 mM alcohol for 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Alcohol has an important effect on HeLa cell viability and exosome biogenesis/composition, according to our findings. Our findings show that alcohol has a significant impact on HeLa cells, as well as the biogenesis and composition of HeLa-derived extracellular vesicles. These findings show that alcohol affects the packaging of heat shock proteins and apoptotic proteins in extracellular vesicles. Extracellular vesicles are both communicators for HeLa cells and biomarkers for the disease's onset and progression. The research results may have significant effects on diagnostics and therapy for a variety of cell types and organ systems, as HeLa cells were used as the primary model in this study. To elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in these processes, further research is needed.

Author (s) Details

Leandra B. Jones
Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.

Sanjay Kumar
Department of Pediatrics and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Aliyah J. Curry
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA and Center for Nanobiotechnology Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.

Jayde S. Price
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA and Center for Nanobiotechnology Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.

Alexandre Krendelchtchikov
Department of Pediatrics and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Brennetta J. Crenshaw
Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.

Courtnee’ R. Bell
Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.

Sparkle D. Williams
Department of Pediatrics and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Tambre A. Tolliver
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.

Sabita N. Saldanha
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.

Brian Sims
Department of Pediatrics and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Qiana L. Matthews
Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA and Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.

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Exosomes and the Cargo microRNAs in Ischemic Heart Disease |Chapter 1 | Innovations in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 Background: To cure ischemic diseases, angiogenesis needs to be improved by various strategies in

ischemic area. Considering that microRNA-132 (miR-132) regulates endothelial cell behavior during
angiogenesis and the safe and efficacious delivery of microRNAs in vivo is rarely achieved, an ideal
vehicle for miR-132 delivery could bring the promise for ischemic diseases. As a natural carrier of
biological molecules, exosomes are more and more developed as an ideal vehicle for miRNA transfer.
Meanwhile, mesenchymal stem cells could release large amounts of exosomes. Thus, this study
aimed to investigate whether MSC-derived exosomes can be used for miR-132 delivery in the
treatment of myocardial ischemia.
Methods: MSC-derived exosomes were electroporated with miR-132 mimics and inhibitors. After
electroporation, miR-132 exosomes were labelled with DiI and added to HUVECs. Internalization of
DiI-labelled exosomes was examined by fluorescent microscopy. Expression levels of miR-132 in
exosomes and HUVECs were quantified by real-time PCR. The mRNA levels of miR-132 target gene
RASA1 in HUVECs were quantified by real-time PCR. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to
examine the targeting relationship between miR-132 and RASA1. The effects of miR-132 exosomes
on the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells were evaluated by tube formation assay. Matrigel plug
assay and myocardial infarction model were used to determine whether miR-132 exosomes can
promote angiogenesis in vivo.
Results: miR-132 mimics were effectively electroporated and highly detected in MSC-derived
exosomes. The expression level of miR-132 was high in HUVECs preincubated with miR-132 mimicelectroporated exosomes and low in HUVECs preincubated with miR-132 inhibitor-electroporated
exosomes. The expression level of RASA1, miR-132 target gene, was reversely correlated with miR-
132 expression in HUVECs pretreated with exosomes. Luciferase reporter assay further confirmed
that RASA1 was a direct target of miR-132. Exosomes loaded with miR-132, as a vehicle for miRNA
transfer, significantly increased tube formation of endothelial cells. Moreover, subcutaneous injection
of HUVECs pretreated with miR-132 exosomes in nude mice significantly increased their
angiogenesis capacity in vivo. In addition, transplantation of miR-132 exosomes in the ischemic
hearts of mice markedly enhanced the neovascularization in the peri-infarct zone and preserved heart
functions.
Conclusions: The findings suggest that the export of miR-132 via MSC-derived exosomes
represents a novel strategy to enhance angiogenesis in ischemic diseases.

Author(s) Details

Junjie Yang
Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Jiacheng Sun
Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

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