Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-Induced Uterine Vasodilation in Pregnancy: A Review | Chapter 7 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Normal pregnancy is associated with dramatic increases in uterine blood flow to facilitate bidirectional maternal–fetal exchanges of respiratory gases and to provide fetal growth and survival with the sole source of nutrition. The mechanism(s) underlying pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation are unknown, but it is linked to increased estrogen levels, which stimulate the production of specific estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent vasodilators in the uterine artery (UA). In UA endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, the classical ERs (ER and ER) and the plasma membrane-bound G protein-coupled ER (GPR30/GPER) are expressed, mediating the estrogenic vasodilatory effects via genomic and/or nongenomic pathways that are likely epigenetically modified The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the literature on UA ERs with a focus on their roles in mediating local UA production of vasodilators by estrogens and pregnancy, as well as to discuss the potential clinical implications of dysregulated ER-mediated estrogen signaling in hypertensive pregnancy complications. The activation of these three ERs by estrogens increases endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), which has been shown to play a role in uterine contraction. During pregnancy, vasodilation occurs. Local inhibition of NO biosynthesis, on the other hand, only partially attenuates estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation, implying that mechanisms other than NO exist to mediate uterine vasodilation. We review the literature on the role of NO in ER-mediated mechanisms controlling estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation, as well as our recent work on a "new" UA vasodilator, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has dramatically altered our understanding of how estrogens regulate uterine vasodilation in pregnancy.

Author(s) Details

Jin Bai
Department of Obstetrics ans Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

Yan Li
Translational Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.

Dr. Ronald R. Magness
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Dong-bao Chen
Department of Obstetrics ans Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

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Enzymatic Potential of Rhizobacteria from the Amazon | Chapter 6 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Currently, about 6000 enzymes are known, but the number is much higher, especially in areas with high biological diversity, such as the Amazon rainforest. The chances of finding pathogenic bacteria in humans are extremely low in the plant rhizosphere, providing a safe genetic resource to be exploited biotechnologically. Some products and enzymes of economic interest found in rhizobacteria isolated from Amazonian environments, such as plant growth hormones and phosphate solubilization, have been identified. amylases, proteases, and lipases that could be used as raw materials for the establishment of bioindustries in the region The majority of our Amazonian microbiota research focuses on evaluating functional genes of economic and ecological importance. Enzymes found in regional microorganisms such as cellulases, hemicellulases, ligninases, phosphatases, nitrogenases, lipases, chitinases, and pectinases are of agronomic and forestry interest. The Amazonian microbiota is diverse and has great biotechnological potential. This high microbial potential must be better understood in order to effectively contribute to regional and national development via the global market for enzymes and other metabolites.

Author (S) Details

Cassiane Minelli-Oliveira
Universidade Paulista – Manaus (UNIP), Brazil.

Paulo Rocha de Oliveira Jr
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Brazil.

André Luis Willerding
Centro de Biotecnologia da Amazônia (CBA), Brazil.

Luiz Antonio de Oliveira
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Brazil and Centro de Biotecnologia da Amazônia (CBA), Brazil.

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Allium cepa Linn Improved Rhodanese Activity and Half-life of Cyanide in the Blood | Chapter 5 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Rhodanese is an intramitochondrial liver enzyme responsible for cyanide detoxification. Allium cepa (Onion); an organosulphur-rich plant that may provide sulphur for cyanide detoxification. The effects of Allium cepa on rhodanese activity during cyanide toxicity were studied in male Wistar rats in vitro and in vivo. In vivo experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of methanol extract of onion (MEAC) and sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) on rhodanese activity, urine thiocyanate concentration, and the effects of MEAC, raw onion, and Na2S2O3 on potassium cyanide half-life (KCN). Experiments in vitro looked into the MEAC and onion essential oil have been shown to inhibit rhodanese activity in liver cells. The in vivo study found that administering Na2S2O3 to the cyanide-treated group increased rhodanese activity, whereas the extract did not. The in vitro study found that onion essential oil increased rhodanese activity by ten times that of the extract. When raw onion consumption was compared to control, the half-life of KCN was significantly lower (p0.05). The findings suggest that Allium cepa improves cyanide detoxification by increasing rhodanese enzyme activity and decreasing cyanide half-life in the blood.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Fausat Kikelomo Ola-Mudathir
Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria.

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The Appropriate Acyclic Precursors to Build Biologically Active 5-acylamino-1,3-thiazoles | Chapter 4 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 The goal of this opinion piece is to highlight recent developments in the development of efficient catalyst-free synthesis of Hantzsch polysubstituted 1,3-thiazoles. They are heterocycles that are particularly important in the pharmaceutical industry, and the strategy involves the cyclization reaction of acyclic precursors with the least amount of auxiliary substances, toxic reagents, organic solvents, and disposal issues.            

Author (S) Details

Mara Tomassetti
Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Pietro Castellino, Napoli 80131, Italy

Gabriele Lupidi
School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.

Serena Gabrielli
School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.

Federico Vittorio Rossi
School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.

Dr. Samuele Lillini
Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Pietro Castellino, Napoli 80131, Italy.

Gianluca Bianchini
Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, L’Aquila 67100, Italy.

Andrea Aramini
Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Pietro Castellino, Napoli 80131, Italy and Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, L’Aquila 67100, Italy.

Daniele Canestrari
Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, L’Aquila 67100, Italy.

Enrico Marcantoni
School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.

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Study on Synthesis and Characterization of New 8- Trifluloromethyl Quinazolin-2,4-(3H)-Dione Nucleosides | Chapter 3 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 The synthesis of 8-trifluloromethyl quinazolin-2,4-(1H,3H)-dione 2, which was ribosylated by coupling with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl—D-ribofuranose 4 via the silylation method, yielded mixture and -anomeric benzoylated nucleoside derivatives 5 and 6, respectively. As part of our ongoing interest in the synthesis of new nucleosides with expected biological activity, quinazolin-2,4-(3H)-dione nucleosides containing trifluloromethyl group were designed in this review. Debenzoylation of 5 and 6 in dry methanol by sodium metal yields the corresponding free nucleosides 7 and 8, respectively.

Author (S) Details

Prof. Dr. Laila M. Break
Taif University, Al-Haweiah, P.O.Box 888 Zip Code 21974, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

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En Block Approach of Structure Elucidation of Linear Isomeric Aldohexoses as Related to Aldaric (Saccharic) Acids: An Advance Study | Chapter 2 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 The elucidation of the structure of the 16 isomeric linear aldohexoses is approached block by block in a clear, logical, concise, and coherent manner. The main premise, or paradigm, of this paper is Bijvoet's structure elucidation of (+)-tartaric acid. The other premise is a preparatory method developed by Baer and Fischer, the instructive potential of which is revealed for the first time in this paper. It is about elucidating the configuration of C-2 using di-O-isopropylidenic hexitol derivatives. Furthermore, the entire set of experimental methods developed and used by E. Fischer in the structure elucidation of monosaccharides is available in this chapter.

Author (S) Details

Dumitru Petru I. Iga
University of Bucharest, former C. I. Parhon, Bucharest, Rumania and University of Oradea, B-dul Armata Romana, Oradea, Nagyvárad, Rumania.

Dumitru Popescu
Gh. Mihoc-Caius Iacob Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Applied Mathematics of Romania Academy, 13 Calea 13 Septembrie, 050711, Bucharest, Romania.

Mr. Valentin I. R. Niculescu
Institut de Recherche et Development pour les Lasers, Plasma et Physique de la Radiation, Magurele-Bucharest, Rumania.

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Transition Metal Phthalocyanines as Nitrogen Oxydes Sensors | Chapter 1 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Phthalocyanines are organic aromatic compounds with metal complexes that are used in a wide range of technological and industrial applications, including active elements in catalysis and organic solar cells, photosensitizing substances in light therapies, and dye for "denim" blue jeans. The current investigation is devoted to the description and comprehension of phenomena associated with the sensing behavior of two transition metal phthalocyanines, titanium bisphthalocyanine and ruthenium phthalocyanine, towards NO2. Spectroscopic, conductometric, and morphological features recorded during gas exposure are explained, as are the mechanisms of gas-molecule interaction. The investigation is carried out using standard techniques such as conductrometry and UV-Visible spectroscopy, as well as an unusual one known as Energy Dispersive X-ray Reflectivity. Indeed, the latter proves to be a powerful tool for monitoring morphological parameters such as thickness and roughness, which have been shown to be sensitive variables for monitoring NO2 gas exposure of thin films of sensor materials.

Author (S) Details

Anna Maria Paoletti
CNR Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Sede di Montelibretti, P.B. 10, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy.

Giovanna Pennesi
CNR Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Sede di Montelibretti, P.B. 10, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy.

Gentilina Rossi
CNR Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Sede di Montelibretti, P.B. 10, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy.

Amanda Generosi
CNR Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Sede di TorVergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100 - 00133 Rome, Italy.

Barbara Paci
CNR Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Sede di TorVergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100 - 00133 Rome, Italy.

Valerio Rossi Albertini
CNR Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Sede di TorVergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100 - 00133 Rome, Italy.

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