Diagnostic Procedure: Mapping Sentinel Lymph Nodes among Patients with Skin Melanoma |Chapter 1 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 2

 

Lymph drainage from the skin varies from patient to patient, sometimes even when the tumor is in the same location in two different individuals. The pathway of lymph vessels that collect and drain lymph is unpredictable, as are the locations of SLNs. Therefore, clinical predictions of SLN locations are unreliable and imprecise. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy with small particle radio colloids allows visualization of all these lymph vessels draining lymph to SLNs. Careful diagnostics will enable the localization of all true SLNs, even when these lymph nodes are sometimes outside the usual lymph basin. The network of lymphatic vessels in the skin has been studied for centuries. In 1984, Sappey published an atlas of lymphatic vessels. The discovery of lymphoscintigraphy around 1950 renewed interest in verifying the pathways of lymphatic vessels in patients with skin melanoma. Lymphoscintigraphy quickly became an indispensable technique for mapping sentinel lymph nodes. Detecting sentinel lymph nodes is essential for conducting adequate diagnostics, appropriately staging patients, and administering necessary therapy. Any lymph node that removes lymph from the tumor site is considered a sentinel lymph node. Because lymphatic arteries can pass through that cluster of lymph nodes and empty into other lymph nodes, it might not even be the closest to the tumor location. Patients with cutaneous melanoma have their sentinel lymph nodes mapped with lymphoscintigraphy. It entails administering intradermal injections of a radiocolloid in the region of the excisional biopsy site or in close proximity to the melanoma site.  The location of all lymphatics is marked with a marker or tattooed with a dot on the skin above the node. Radiocolloid particles used for sentinel identification are in the size range of 5-50 nanometers. These particles easily enter lymphatic capillaries, and their entry is facilitated by exercise or massage of that body part. The lymphatic drainage of the skin varies from patient to patient, sometimes even when the tumor is in the same location in two different individuals. Therefore, careful diagnostics will enable the location of all true sentinel lymph nodes. Careful diagnostics will enable the localization of all true SLNs, even when these lymph nodes are sometimes outside the usual lymph basin. This is crucial for accurate staging of patients with melanoma.

 

Author(s) Details

Marko Vlacic
University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Clinic for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia.

Mirela Eric
Department of Anatomy, University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia.

 

Mladen Jovanovic
University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Clinic for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia.

 

Sandra Jelcic
University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Clinic for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia.

 

Ivan Besenji
Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Republic of Serbia.

 

Ivana Smiljanic
University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Emergency Centre, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v2/973

Advancing Geohazard Mapping and Monitoring Using Terrestrial LiDAR: Insights from the British Geological Survey | Chapter 2 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 9

Geomatics is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as the discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing and presentation of geographic data or geographic information. It is the discipline of electronically gathering, storing, processing and delivering spatially related digital information; it continues to be one of the fastest expanding global markets, driven by technology. The British Geological Survey (BGS) geomatics capabilities have been utilised in a variety of scientific studies such as the monitoring of actively growing volcanic lava domes and rapidly retreating glaciers; coastal erosion and platform evolution; inland and coastal landslide modelling; mapping of geological structures and fault boundaries; rock stability and subsidence feature analysis and geo-conservation. In 2000, the BGS became the first organisation outside the Mining Industry to use Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning (TLS) as a tool for measuring change; paired with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), BGS were able to measure, monitor and model geomorphological features of landslides in the United Kingdom (UK) digitally. Many technologies are used by the BGS to monitor the earth, employed on satellites, aeroplanes, drones and ground-based equipment, in both research and commercial settings to carry out mapping, monitoring and modelling of earth surfaces and processes. Outside BGS, these technologies are used for close-range, high-accuracy applications such as bridge and dam monitoring, crime and accident scene analysis, forest canopy and biomass measurements and military applications. Key methodologies in TLS are discussed under the headings of Mobile Mapping, Monitoring Change, Virtual Outcrop Modelling and Uncrewed Technologies, featuring examples of work for each. This research underscores TLS's transformative potential in geosciences, particularly for advancing disaster resilience, environmental monitoring, and geological conservation efforts. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) offers high-resolution, three-dimensional data collection capabilities that can significantly enhance our understanding of geological processes and environmental changes.

The aim of this chapter is to review the types of work that the BGS carries out using terrestrial and aerial LiDAR systems, and to discuss the merits therein.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Lee D Jones
British Geological Survey, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v9/3998

Semantic Enrichment of XML Schema to Transform Association Relationships in ODL Schema | Chapter 9 | Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 1

 This Chapter deals with basic introductory concepts on translating the Entity-Relationship Data Model relationship types from an enriched XML schema to an object-oriented one. Database migration is a process wherein all the components of a source database are converted to their equivalents in the environment of the target one.

 

We chose oriented object database as a target database because there are many common characteristics between XML and object-oriented model, Thus the mapping from XML data into object-oriented databases is more interesting; also the object-oriented data bases have become very widespread and acceptable, they offer an evolutionary approach, so we agree that it is time to develop a translation between XML and OO databases. Our work is focused on preserving Semantics transformation of association relationships, we describe set of rules to create ODL classes from an enriched XML schema, the experimental show that the approach is feasible, and results are the same, the source database is transformed into target one without loss of data. Our future work, will be on developing a better mapping taking into account the definition ODL allowing to establish correspondences between concepts that were not taken into account such as inheritance relationship, besides the addition of these concepts allows to specifically identifies semantic links between elements.

Author(s) Details:

Doha Malki,
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University Hassan 1st, Settat, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUMCS-V1/article/view/13676

Determining the Techniques of Surveying and Cadastral Mapping in Vietnam | Chapter 7 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 7

 In Vietnam, the measuring of cadastral maps, which is used for land administration, is currently very essential. In the past, cadastral maps in Vietnam were generally measured manually using an optical theodolite, and then the map was created on paper. Many technology applications are now employed in Vietnam to measure cadastral maps, thanks to the development of new technologies. However, electronic total station technology is the most prevalent method for measuring cadastral maps since it is ideal for Vietnamese topographical circumstances. In terms of land and area, the state government has to strengthen clearance, inspection, and land dispute settlement. In this method, the total station is used to measure directly in the field, after which we utilise specialist software such as MicroStation, FAMIS, and Pronet to manage the measurement data and alter the map. The cadastral mapping and measurement procedure for a specific area has reached a conclusion in this study. Cat Trinh Commune is located in the Phu Cat District of Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam. The survey network diagram with 425 points, including 24 high level cadastral points, and the finished cadastral map with a total area of 4865.20 ha were the end results. The cadastral map of Cat Trinh Commune consists of 63 sheets, with 45 map sheets in scale 1: 2000 and 18 map sheets in size 1: 1000. They were all saved as digital files on the computer as well as printed sheets. There are statistics tables of the land area of each object and the purpose of the land use in addition to the cadastral maps. This is an important document that will assist state agencies in managing land in a proper, practical, and uniform manner.

Author(S) Details

Truong Quang Hien
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University, Vietnam.

Ma Cai Xue
College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, China.

He Li Yuan
College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, China.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/MAGEES-V7/article/view/5096

Developing Resistivity Contouring and Plume Mapping of Landfill Leachate Using Electrical Resistivity Method in Warri Metropolis | Chapter 4 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 6

 The movement of municipal solid waste landfill leachate at the Niger-Cat, Donparkar, and Orhuwhorun dump sites in Warri Metropolis, Southern Nigeria, was studied using the electrical resistivity technique. Landfilling is still the most cost-effective and widely used method of disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW) in both developed and developing countries. Schlumberger array setup was used for both Electrical Resistivity Profiling and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The software packages Surfer 10 and ArcGIS 10.3 were used to interpret resistivity profiling data and make apparent resistivity contour maps of study sites, while the VES data was interpreted using the IPI2Win software package. This computer programme computed the true layer parameters of the geo-electric section by automatically generating model curves using initial layer parameters (resistivity and thickness) obtained from partial curve matching of the field curves with standard curves. The findings showed that leachate had migrated from the dump into the surrounding soil at the Niger-Cat dump site, and contamination had progressed up to a depth of 19.12m, which is within the area's local groundwater system. The findings from the Don-Parkar dump site showed that leachate had migrated into the surrounding soil around the edges of the dump site, and contamination had progressed to a depth of more than 20.7 metres. The resistivity contour map at the Orhuwhorun dump site revealed leachate migration to the south of the dump; however, VES findings showed no contamination, indicating that groundwater in the area is currently safe. Waste managers must use engineered sanitary landfills to dispose of solid waste, and government policy should address this issue to help protect the area's groundwater resources.

Author (s) Details

Mamuyovwi Odia
Centre for Occupational Health, Safety and Environment, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Ify L. Nwaogazie
Centre for Occupational Health, Safety and Environment, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Gregory O. Avwiri
Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Eunice O. Nwachukwu
Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V6/article/view/170