A Comprehensive Review on the Applications of Fungal Keratinases | Chapter 9 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 2

This article reviewed the potential application of keratinase enzyme produced by microorganisms, especially the fungus. Keratinases have found their uses in diverse sectors like cosmetic industry and acne treatment. Keratin is a fibrous insoluble protein in the epithelial cells of vertebrates and represents the major constituents of skin, hair, feathers, wool, and nails. Based on the structure keratin is divided into two – α keratin present in the hair horn and nail of mammals & β Keratin which can be seen in feather nail¸ claws etc. The intriguing proteolytic enzymes known as keratinases have the ability to break down the insoluble protein keratin, which is resistant to the actions of conventional proteolytic enzymes such as papain, trypsin, and pepsin. gaining ground in the potentially useful field of biotechnology. Keratinases are a noteworthy enzyme since they can successfully handle substrates like hair, hoof, horn, feather nail, etc. because keratin is too hard to destroy. Utilizing keratinase to break down chicken feathers increases the nutritional content of feather meal and can be used to create uncommon amino acids including proline, cysteine, serine, and methionine. The potential use of these enzymes has been associated with cosmetic industry and acne treatment. The other applications of keratinase include the production of biofuel, detergent, films, coatings, glues and pesticidal toxins, degumming of silk, scale removal from wool fibre, degradation of prions etc. Keratinases are produced by different microorganisms like fungi and bacteria by submerged as well as solid state fermentation methods. The keratinase enzymes are considered as biodegradable, eco-friendly enzymes without any harmful effects like that of the chemical counterparts. As the separation of bacterial keratinase is a cost intensive process compared to fungal keratinase, the review is focussed on isolation, purification and the applications of fungal keratinase.

Author(s) Details:

Mini K. D.,
Department of Zoology, Sree Sankara College, Kalady, India.

Jyothis Mathew,
School of Biosciences, M.G University, Kottayam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V2/article/view/14139

Pathological and Immunohistochemical Studies on Horn Cancer in Bovines | Chapter 6 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 9

Background: An investigation was carried out on twelve clinical cases of neoplasm of horn in bovines of Durg, Dhamtari and Rajnandgaon districts of Chhattisgarh suspected of bovine horn core carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma) revealed the cytology, pathomorphology and immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of Pan-cytokeratin (Pan-CK), p53 gene, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and p16 gene in tumourous growth at horn in bovines.

 

Results: Eight out of 12 cases (66.66%) were confirmed as SCC of horn on the basis of histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Cytological examination of tumours by Papanicolaou staining revealed variation in shape and size of cells and altered nuclear details. Grossly neoplasms of horn revealed unilateral large cauliflower like growths at the base. SCCs were classified as well, moderately and poorly differentiated types on the basis of histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Well differentiated SCCs (n=4; 50%) were characterized by severe keratinization of horn epithelium with concentric arrangement forming keratin pearls also called as “cell nests”. Tumour islands of irregular shape observed in the horn epithelium invaded deep into dermis layer. Moderately differentiated SCCs (n=2; 25%) characterized by small keratin pearl formations and mitotic figures. Poorly differentiated SCCs of horn (n=2; 25%) revealed absence of distinctive keratin pearls although deep invasion from primary site was observed. SCC of horn revealed strong immunohistochemical staining of Pan-CK, p53 and EGFR and negative to p16. Highest immunohistochemical expression was observed in Pan-CK which confirmed the tumours were of epithelial origin and EGFR immunoexpression was confirmatory for malignancy and degree of metastasis. Neoplasms were confirmed as SCC by immunoexpression of Pan-CK, EGFR and p53 in malignant tumours including both well and poorly differentiated SCC of horn.

Author(s) Details:

Vivek Kumar,
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg- 491001, Chhattisgarh, India.

Dhananjay Kumar Jolhe,
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg- 491001, Chhattisgarh, India.

Ratan Chandra Ghosh,
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg- 491001, Chhattisgarh, India.

Rukmani Dewangan,
Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg- 491001, Chhattisgarh, India.

Prashant M. Sonkusale,
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal & Fisheries Science University, Nagpur- 440007, Maharashtra, India.

Sonu Sharma,
Dr. Lal Path Labs, Path Vets Veterinary Diagnosis, Chittranjan Park, New Delhi-110019, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V9/article/view/13646

A Descriptive Study on Preparation and Characterization of Keratin/Alginate Blend Microparticles| Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol. 9

 Because of their greater environmental protection than synthetic materials, the analysis of protein materials such as collagen, gelatin, albumin, and silk fibroin and keratin has been increasingly increased. For the production of keratin (Ker), alginate (Alg), and Ker/Alg blend microparticles, the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsification-diffusion method was used. The solutions of the Ker, Alg, and Ker/Alg blend were used as the water phase, while the oil phase was used with ethyl acetate. Firstly, to find appropriate material, various concentrations of the Ker solution were used. For further microparticle construction, 1.6 percent w/v Ker solution was blended with the same Alg solution concentration. Scanning electron microscope research findings indicate that the microparticles have various shapes: spherical, bowl-like, porous, and hollow, depending on the blend ratio, with many sizes. FTIR and TG studies suggested that the Ker/Alg blend ratio was influenced by the secondary structure and thermal stability of the microparticles. The relationship between keratin and alginate functional groups was the key factor for both β-sheet Structure and microparticles Td,max values. The results indicated that by adjusting the Ker/Alg ratio, Ker/Alg blend microparticles could be used in several fields. The microparticles obtained from this work are promising for the loading and delivery of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional molecules through the blood circulation system to the target organ.

Author (s) Details

Yaowalak Srisuwan
Creative and Innovation Chemistry Research Unit, The Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand.

Prasong Srihanam
Creative and Innovation Chemistry Research Unit, The Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand.

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