Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Revolution in Diabetes Management | Chapter 3 | Advancements in Science and Technology: Paving the Way to a Sustainable Future

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed diabetes management by providing real-time insights into glucose levels and trends. CGM systems track glucose levels continuously, enabling individuals to make informed decisions about insulin, food, and exercise. This review article highlights the evolution of CGM technology, its benefits, and limitations. We explore various CGM systems, including sensor-augmented pumps, smart CGM sensors, and non-invasive devices. We also discuss the impact of CGM on clinical outcomes by providing real-time blood glucose levels which helps in preventing severe hypoglycemia episodes, quality of life, and healthcare economics. Furthermore, we examine emerging trends, such as artificial intelligence-powered CGM and wearable devices. Our review demonstrates that CGM has become an indispensable tool for diabetes management, enhancing patient empowerment, and improving glycemic control.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Suresh Kuma
Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Udham Singh, Government College, Matak Majri, Karnal, India.

 

Gulab Singh
Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Udham Singh, Government College, Matak Majri, Karnal, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49473-39-3/CH3

Rare Case of Malignant Insulinoma Treated with Chemoembolization and Bland Embolization | Chapter 13 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 This division described a unique case of a patient with different presentation of malignant insulinoma. The patient bestowed with right superior quadrant intestinal pain and diarrhea for 3 weeks that have worsened in the last 4- days. Also the patient had scenes of confusion in the last one period. His blood glucose was never inspected at that time.The patient acted not have the classical performance of Insulinoma with the Whipple’s trio- measured abstaining blood glucose less than 50 mg/dl, syndromes of hypoglycemia at the time of depressed plasma level of glucose in blood and immediate free of the symptoms later the administration of intravenous hydrogen. The diarrhea is not a common feature of Insulinoma although commonly happens in additional neuroendocrine tumors like gastrinoma, VIP secreting neuroendocrine tumors, glucagonoma etc.CT of the abdomen that was done because of the patient manifestations revealed 6sm bulk in the tail of the pancreas, accompanying thrombosis of the splenic mood and multiple change of the pancreatic mass to the liver.Our initial though was that the patient has metastatic adenocarcinoma of the organ meat.The endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) of the pancreas was accomplished fine needle hope of the pancreatic mass that showed the demeanor of the neuroendocrine tumor.During whole up of the pancreatic mass we performed 72- moment fasting test that revealed reduced plasma level of glucose in blood less than 55 mg/dl, raised at that time C- peptide, pro-insulin and Insulin levels and negative protect for sulfonylureas medications or glinides. Anti- insulin microscopic organism test was negative as well as Pro- IGF-2. Injection of Glucagon 1 mg intravenously allow to increment               of the level of glucose in blood more than 25 mg/dl in 30 notes of meeting. Beta-hydroxybutyrate level was less than 2.7 nmol/l. All this pointed out towards inner hyperinsulinemia in the context of the performance due to pancreatic insulinoma.This in addition to the EUS and radiological results suggested the occupancy of malignant insulinoma.Thereafter the surgical group was consulted. They acted exploratory laparotomy with distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, cholecystectomy, and appendectomy and medical checkup of the liver lesions and spleen. Surgical study of plants specimen of the hate and liver was consistent accompanying a well-differentiated neuroendocrine cyst similar to that from the pancreatic lesion.The patient was medicated with surgical redistribute of the distal pancreas when the insulinoma was situated, splenectomy, cholecystectomy and appendectomy. Also, chemoembolization and bland embolization of the metastatic tumors of the liver were finished and patient’s hypoglycemia was treated accompanying Diazoxide and short course of Steroids and Octreotide.We are describing this patient to emphasize the need of broad characteristic diagnosis of the pancreatic lesions giving only with intestinal pain, diarrhea and sporadic confusion outside any measurement of the level of glucose in blood.What looked like chaste metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas equipped to be nonconforming presentation of individual of the Neuroendocrine tumors- Insulinoma. Also only 10% of Insulinomas are malignant that was the case with our patient.We implemented complex complex linked approach in the treatment - surgical redistribute of the pancreatic lesion by distal pancreatectomy in addition to bland and Chemoembolization of the change to the liver. Also, we controlled the level of glucose in blood by using Diazoxide, Prednisone and Octreotide with good results custody the blood sugar in common ranges by long term use of diazoxide.

Author(s) Details:

Nazanin Sheikhan,
Department of Internal Medicine, HCA Healthcare, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Joshua Hardy,
Department of Internal Medicine, HCA Healthcare, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

George Trad,
Department of Internal Medicine, HCA Healthcare, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Andrew Nguyen,
Department of Radiology, HCA Healthcare, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Andrey Manov,
Department of Internal Medicine, HCA Healthcare, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V9/article/view/10980

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Introduction in Internal Medicine Residency Clinic in Patients with DM Type 1 and Type 2 | Chapter 11 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 This episode introduced Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Internal Medicine Residency Continuity hospital. We started following the blood glucose accompanying CGM in 11-patients accompanying type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 1 and DM 2) uncontrolled on 3-4 injections of Insulin per era. Continuous glucose monitoring is guide improved well-being behaviors and effects, such as reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hypoglycemia, carcass weight, and caloric consumption, and increases in physical activity, treatment vindication, and adherence to a private eating planThe CGM was begun by Internal Medicine and Transitional year Residents who made the CGM team and adaptation of the Insulin dose established the CGM data was done energetically by them under the project of Board-Certified Endocrinologist who was a appendage of the clinic.The goal search out show improvement of patient’s HbA1c calculated by glucose administration Indicator. The other goal search out decrease the time give by our patients in level 1 hypoglycemia betwixt 69-54 mg/dl and in level 2 hypoglycemia less than 54 mg/dl to less than 4% and 1 % individually per day. The additional target of our project was success of blood glucose between 70-180 mg/dl - be present at range (TIR) in 24-hour ending of 50-70% of the time and achievement of depressed glucose instability measured by cooperative of variation(CV) of less than 36% per epoch.

Author(s) Details:

Andre Manov,
Internal Medicine Residency Program, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Elizabeth Benge,
Internal Medicine Residency Program, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Samera Baig  ,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Agni College of Technology, Chennai-130, India.

Sukhjinder Chauhan,
Internal Medicine Residency Program, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V9/article/view/10978

Hyperglycemic Control of Moringa oleifera Leaves Aqueous Extract and Glibenclamide Tablets in Alloxan Monohydrate Induced Diabetic Rats: A Comparative Analysis | Chapter 3 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 9

 This division aims to compare the hyperglycemic control of M. oleifera leaves liquid extract and Glibenclamide tablet in alloxan monohydrate inferred diabetic rats.In this experiment, Twenty-four female Wister albino rats, fashioned diabetic using alloxan monohydrate, taken either M. oleifera extract, glibenclamide or distilled water were delivered intragastric.The verdicts showed that Rats that taken distilled water had a mean abstaining blood sugar of 329.3+44.9mg/dl at first, which raised to 448.0+189.9mg/dl on day 14, all   the rats were dead by era 21. The rats that received M. oleifera had glucose 443.4+134.7mg/dl at the beginning, discontinued to 166.5+162.79mg/dl by day 14, and to 88.7+41.0 mg/dl by epoch 28. Rats that received glibenclamide had blood sugar 517.6+139.3mg/dl at first, dropped to 209.0+201.9mg/dl on day14, and to 89.7+42.85mg/dl eventually 28.  The blood sugar levels in the M.oleifera and glibenclamide groups restored to normal by era 21 and remained inside the normal range as far as the experiment was completed eventually 28. Based on the findings concerning this study, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaves liquid extract has similar pattern to glibenclamide pellet in causing hypoglycemia to alloxan monohydrate persuaded diabetic rats.

Author(s) Details:

Josephine N. Kasolo,
Department of Physiology, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Uganda.

Agnes Namaganda,
Department of Physiology, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Uganda.

Joshua Nfambi,
Department of Physiology, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Uganda.

Ivan Kimuli,
Department of Physiology, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Uganda.

Haruna Muwonge,
Department of Physiology, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Uganda.

Allan Lugaajju,
Department of Physiology, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Uganda.

Isaac Okullo,
Department of Dental Surgery, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Uganda.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V9/article/view/10168

Study on Ademolus Hypoglycemic Index | Chapter 15 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 17

 The ADEMOLUS HYPOGLYCEMIC INDEX (AHI) is proposed in this article as a mathematical depiction of a hypoglycemic event over a three-month period in a patient with recurrent hypoglycemia.

Methodology: A retrospective examination of 65 hypoglycemia episodes (HE) in six randomly selected diabetes mellitus patients from 86 case files examined at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital in Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.

To detect hypoglycemia, the data was analysed using the Ademolus Hypoglycemia Classification and the 2018 ADA/EASD Hypoglycemia Classification. To calculate AHI from HE, the given mathematical formula was employed. SPSS version 23 was used to analyse the data.

Results: In six diabetic individuals, the ADEMOLUS Hypoglycemia INDEX was employed to analyse 65 hypoglycemic episodes. Over the course of three months, each of the six people had a series of hypoglycemic episodes. Patient 1 had an AHI of 0.53, according to both the ACH and the ADA/EASD classifications.Patient 1 had an AHI that was not in the severe range. In patient 3, her AHI was 0.60 in the fourth quarter of 2016, zero in the first quarter of 2017, and then 0.64 in June, July, and August 2017. It would be prudent to investigate the aetiological causes in this diabetic patient with chronic kidney disease who suffers recurrent hypoglycemia, as it was six months ago, at this point in the patient's care. The formula can be programmed or automated into a device such as a calculator, or a web-based ADEMOLUS HYPOGLYCEMIC INDEX calculator can be created.

Conclusion: The Ademolus Hypoglycemic Index (AHI) can help diabetic and non-diabetic patients track chronic or long-term recurring HE.

Author (S) Details

Adegbenga B. Ademolu
Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V17/article/view/2618