Water-soluble Dietary Fibers and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 1 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 4

The purpose of this study was to critically review the cardio-protective potential of diets and foods rich in soluble fiber. Fibre is found in plant-based food products like rye, wholegrain wheat, fruits, oats, nuts, legumes, and vegetables. Consuming fiber as well as wholegrain foods has been linked to various health benefits such as; a reduced risk of being overweight or obese, a low risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases as well as a lesser risk of bowel cancer. The study critically reviewed concepts such as soluble fiber and Cardiovascular Diseases, other benefits of functional Foods in the Hypercholesterolemia Family, Isoflavones, β –glucan, and Fatty Acids. The study adopted the descriptive method in analyzing issues relating to the cardio-protective potentials of diets. The diet must be based on increasing the amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, then reducing the consumption of saturated fatty acids, trans fat, and weight loss when required. Physical exercise should be encouraged mainly aerobic exercise, since exercise increases the concentration of HDL-C, reduced concentrations of triglycerides, and aids in weight loss. They emphasized that patients with familial hypercholesterolemia should not start any physical activity without evaluation and accompanied cardiogram. In general, there is a need for more studies on familial hypercholesterolemia. Studies that relate to genetic disease and patient adherence to dietary treatment are unique for checking the concentrations of both total cholesterol, and LDL-C, and possibly to confirm the efficacy of isolated nutritional treatment, i.e. without the need for pharmacological treatment. The study recommended that dietary treatment should be accompanied by a professional nutritionist, for better grip and results to treatment. The dietary intervention alone is not enough to treat familial hypercholesterolemia, but it should always be the first measure implemented.

 

Author (s) Details

Obi Olor Patience
Home Economics, Cross River State College of Education, Akamkpa, P.M.B. 1171, Calabar, Nigeria.

 

James E Archibong
Faculty of Law, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v4/2641

Reaching LDL-C Goals Using Nudges: A Review of Literatures | Chapter 08 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 To analyse the literature and determine how nudges can assist a physician in meeting his or her patients' LDL-C targets. Modifying cardiovascular risk factors can help lower the rate of coronary events in high-risk patients. In the United States and most European countries, coronary heart disease is the leading cause of mortality (CHD). Hypercholesterolemia is the most important risk factor for coronary artery disease. Both high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) are major risk factors for coronary artery disease (CHD). HMG-CoA inhibitors are the most effective medication for lowering LDL-C levels and, as a result, reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. When a decision architecture is built to consistently control behaviour without limiting an individual's choices, it is referred to as a nudge. In order to be effective, the direction and force of a nudge should be compatible with professional standards. The essay discussed how patients' and physicians' actions contributed to the rise in cardiovascular disease prevalence. Nudges, whether digital or manual (using post-its), can persuade doctors to be more proactive and increase patient adherence to therapy. The patient-physician relationship must be built on trust in order to attain these goals. Nudges can be a useful management technique for guiding healthcare providers' right behaviour. The goal is to persuade doctors that they are beneficial rather than obnoxious or domineering.

Author(S) Details

Reagan F. Cabahug
Davao Medical School Foundation, Philippines and Metro Davao Medical and Research Center, Philippines.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V5/article/view/6486

Profiling Lipids in People Living with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Mpilo Central Hospital OIC: Hitherto Going Forth? | Chapter 10 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol. 2

Introduction: Long term use of antiretroviral therapy subpopulation living with HIV is associated with disturbances in plasma lipids concentrations. Lipids profiles were not routinely used to monitor treatment in the course of treatment resulting in adverse outcomes. Supportive information for the use of lipid concentrations is necessary for the day to day monitoring of people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment. Evidence of the importance of lipid profiles in monitoring treatment was hoped to influence end users to institute routine monitoring. To this end, the prevalence and timing of dyslipidemia onset in people living with HIV/AIDS on ART Bulawayo, Zimbabwe were determined. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Mpilo Central Hospital OIC in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe over 3 months. A cross-sectional study was conducted in people living with HIV who were on highly active anti-retroviral treatment at Mpilo Central Hospital OIC. Lipid assays were determined by Elisa methods. Viral loads and CD4 were measured using the COBAS® TaqMan® and BD FACSCount™ Flow Cytometer, respectively. Results: A total of 149 accepting participants were enrolled with most (63.2%) being females. The median age of the respondents was 43 years and their median CD4 count was 436 cells/μL after a median duration on ART of 36 months. Viral load was <40 in the majority (68.6%) of the participants. More females (63.1%) were on HAART and were aged >35 (60.4%) years. NNRTI (90.6%) were the more commonly prescribed HAART. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 70.2%. Hypercholesterolaemia was detected in 72 (48.3%) patients with 26 being male and 46 being female. High levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c ≥ 3.0 mmol/L) were found in 115 patients with 74 of them being female. Hypertriacylglycerolaemia (TAG ≥ 2.0 mmol/L) was present in 8 cases. The proportion of patients with a low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c < 1.0 mmol/L) was 15.3% while those with a ratio of TC/HDL-c ≥ 4.1 were 87.5%. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in HIV-patients receiving HAART. There is a need for the HIV program to institute laboratory monitoring of blood lipids in patients over one year on HAART. In addition, testing and development of biomarkers of other novel pathophysiological changes and HAART outcomes that may develop in the subpopulation in time, is of paramount importance as adverse drug effects are still being experienced that may necessitate regimen changes. 

Author(s) Details

Dr. Greanious Alfred Mavondo
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/189