Sectoral Output and Employment Dynamics in Nigeria: Evidence from an ARDL Analysis (1981-2021)| Chapter 8 |Economics, Business and Management: Recent Advances Vol. 1

 

Background: In Nigeria, a country with a predominantly youthful population estimated at over 224 million, the capacity for growth to generate productive jobs is a pressing development concern.

 

Aim: This study examines the employment effects of sectoral contributions to Nigeria’s GDP and evaluates the relative labour‑absorption capacity of agriculture, industry and services over 1981–2021. It seeks to identify which sectors are growth‑led in employment generation and to inform policy that aligns growth with inclusive job creation. The core problem addressed in this study is the lack of clear, long-run, sectorally disaggregated evidence showing the employment contributions of the broad sectors of agriculture, industry, or services. Existing studies have either focused on aggregate relationships, examined single sectors in isolation, or limited their analysis to short‑run dynamics.

 

Theoretical Framework: The analysis is grounded in Keynesian demand theory and Okun’s law, which link aggregate output to employment, and extends these to a sectoral perspective. The framework recognises capital intensity, technology bias, and value chain linkages as mediating mechanisms that determine whether sectoral growth translates into net employment gains.

 

Methodology: Using annual data for 1981-2021 sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s statistical bulletin and Penn World Tables, the study proxies sectoral output by agricultural, industrial and services GDP and measures employment by total employed persons. After log transformation and unit root testing, an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is employed to detect cointegration and estimate short-run dynamics and long-run elasticities. Estimated models control for inflation, public expenditure and lagged employment; diagnostic checks ensure robustness.

 

Results: Bounds tests indicate cointegration at both aggregate and disaggregated levels. Long-run elasticities indicate that agricultural GDP has the highest employment intensity, supporting a growth-led employment strategy. Industrial expansion displays characteristics of jobless growth, while service‑sector growth is associated with job‑loss dynamics, reflecting low labour absorption due to capital and technology intensity. Public expenditure shows a positive long‑run association with employment. In the aggregate analysis, a 1% rise in GDP is associated with a 0.27% increase in employment in the short run.

 

In comparison, a 1% increase in GDP raises employment by about 0.53% in the long run, roughly double the short‑run elasticity, indicating that the employment response to growth strengthens over time. When GDP is disaggregated, short‑run dynamics reveal important heterogeneity across sectors. Agricultural output (AGRGDP) exerts a positive and significant short‑run effect on employment (approximately 0.15% per 1% AGRGDP increase), while industry and services coefficients are negative and statistically insignificant. Agricultural GDP displays a large and significant long‑run elasticity (≈0.52), implying that sustained agricultural expansion is strongly employment‑intensive. By contrast, industry and services show small negative long‑run coefficients (statistically insignificant).

 

Conclusion: Policy should prioritise targeted support for agriculture and labour‑intensive industrialisation, strengthen value‑chain investments, and align fiscal allocations to maximise employment outcomes. Reorienting sectoral growth toward labour‑absorbing activities is essential to mitigate Nigeria’s persistent unemployment challenge. Future research should disaggregate services and industry to identify sub‑sectoral employment potentials.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ololade J. Olaniyan
Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti (ABUAD) Business School - Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Rosemary Bukola Ajala
The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ebmra/v1/7319

Employment Spillover Effects of ICT in the Non-ICT Industries: Evidence from South Africa| Chapter 6 | Business, Management and Economics - Research Progress Vol. 1

 

The study aims to analyse the employment spillover effects of ICT in the non-ICT industries. For the empirical analysis, the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) model was used to account for the short- and long-run effects of ICT investment on the employment growth of agro-processing industries (i.e. non-ICT industries). The analyses were conducted in a multivariate setting to establish whether labour productivity and output growth effects of ICT investment would spill over to employment growth in those agro-processing industries that invested in ICT more intensively. The findings showed that the labour productivity and output growth effects of ICT investment would be realised in the long run and such effects would spill over to employment growth of the industry group that invested more in ICT. Two implications can be derived from these findings. First, the effects of ICT on employment growth differ according to the intensity of ICT investment, such that employment spillover effects of ICT would be realised by the agro-processing industries that invested in ICT more intensively. Second, such effects would be realised in the long run, suggesting that it would take longer for the returns on ICT investment to be realised. Therefore, policymakers should prioritise the agro-processing industries that are more ICT-intensive for ICT-related investments. Such investments should be undertaken over the long term, as the returns on ICT investment take time to materialise.

 

Author(s) Details

Mapula Hildah Lefophane
Centre for Rural Community Empowerment, University of Limpopo, Cnr R71 Road and University Street, Polokwane, South Africa.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v1/7403C

Assessing the Nexus between ICT Intensity, Productivity, Employment and Output in South Africa’s Agro-processing Industries | Chapter 1 | New Advances in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 4

This chapter explores the nexus between ICT intensity and growth of South Africa’s agro-processing industries using data from 1994 to 2017. To do so, the ICT intensity index was used to calculate the ICT intensity of 10 agro-processing industries. Afterwards, the growth rates of labour productivity, output, and employment were computed. Ultimately, the Toda and Yamamoto (TY) Granger non-causality test was applied to examine the causal relationship between ICT intensity and growth of labour productivity, output, and employment. The TY test proved that causality occurs in line with ICT intensity, such that evidence of causality was detected for an industry that has invested more highly in ICT. This implies that the growth performance of the agro-processing industries could be transformed (enhanced) through an increase in ICT investment.

 

Author (s) Details

 

M. H. Lefophane
Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa.

 

Mmatlou Kalaba
Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP), University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nabme/v4/2868

Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Unemployment in Province of Bali, Indonesia | Chapter 12 | Contemporary Research in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 8

 

The research aims are (1) to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disturbances in the province of Bali, and (2) to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on unemployment by regencies/cities in Bali Province. Due to the concerns of direct contact with an exposed individual, prolonged job duties without good rest, and disrupted wake and sleep phases, the phobia of being contaminated has increased the likelihood of tension and worrying among healthcare workforces. The COVID-19 pandemic not only hurts the performance of the national economy but also has an impact on the regional economy of Bali, which incidentally is a subsystem of the national economic system. Sources of data are secondary sources namely the Central Statistics Agency of Bali Province and the Population and Employment Service of the Province of Bali and Regencies throughout Bali. The data analysis methods were descriptive statistics, before and after/the COVID-19 pandemic, and qualitative descriptive methods. The results showed that (1) the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on increasing unemployment in Bali Province by 106,150 nine districts/cities that were affected, and three regencies/cities in Bali's tourism development centers, namely Badung, Gianyar, and Denpasar. The research is interesting in that it shows how the COVID-19 epidemic is contributing to Bali's rising unemployment rate. According to the study's findings, the government has offered a variety of social services and facilities to ensure that they are appropriate for the intended beneficiaries. However, the government still needs to offer agricultural skill training and other resources to workers who transition from tourism to agriculture. In the recovery phase, the government has indeed relaxed various health care requirements for tourists visiting Bali tourist destinations. However, other strategies need to be implemented, such as increasing the number of visa-free countries for tourist visits to Indonesia and Bali, considering that Bali tourism is the driver of Bali's economy.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Prof. Dr. Ir. Made Antara
Faculty of Agriculture, Agribusiness Study Program, Udayana University, Kuta Selatan, Indonesia.

 

Prof. Dr. Ir. Made Sri Sumarniasih
Faculty of Agriculture, Agroecotechnology Study Program, Udayana University, Kuta Selatan, Indonesia.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crbme/v8/150

Exploring the Perceptions of Postgraduate Students Using Social Media when Seeking Employment | Chapter 11 | Managing Higher Education and Enterprises in Developing Countries Beyond COVID-19: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Business and Management Dynamics

Social media has rapidly increased in popularity, and its growth has influenced business operations and methods of communication, including how organisations review and implement their recruitment strategies. Recruitment is an integral activity to the organisational function of human resource management. Traditional methods of this activity have evolved whereby organisations focus on using social media as a recruitment method.

Based on Six Degrees of Separation and Resource-based View theories, this paper aimed to investigate postgraduate students' perceptions of using social media when seeking employment. A quantitative research methodology was adopted, and a hundred and forty respondents participated in this study by completing questionnaires. Findings indicated that ninety-five percent of Honours students have professional social media accounts. The most salient finding was that over seventy percent of the respondents indicated using social media for job seeking, with LinkedIn and Facebook being the most favoured. This study found that social media is a popular tool many individuals and organisations use. It is recommended that further research under this context is undertaken with a broader demographic of postgraduate students, especially as they are a large segment of job seekers.

Author(s) Details:

Suman Dayanand,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Ashika Maharaj,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/MHEEDCBCPICBMD/article/view/13202

Fuel Efficiency of Tug Boats Using a Flow Meter Web Based Monitoring and Control System in P.T. X| Chapter 7 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 3

 A listening method has existed measuring functional accomplishment so that increase effectiveness. Management can measure performance to advance effectiveness following in position or time a whole has happened created and executed. P.T. X group is a party that moves in data processing, possessions, strength, mining logistic & duties. With all facts that has existed composed, management will within financial means produce a resolution correctly and increase output and effectiveness operational. All ships possessed by P.T. X have flow metres equipped, and the party has existed the subject of prior studies. The controversy is advanced by utilizing flow metres as a netting-located long-distance sensor that can be traced at whatever time and anyplace utilizing a sensor scheme called eGenKit. To that end, a study is completed activity in P.T. X to judge the use of a netting-located monitoring and ruling plan on quick pull boats.

Author(s) Details:

D. Faturachman,
Department of Marine Engineering, Darma Persada University, Jakarta, Indonesia.

A Djaeni,
P.T. Dwi Jaya Samudra, Jakarta, Indonesia.

M. D. Arifin,
Department of Transportation and Environmental Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan.

Fridolini,
Department of English Language and Culture, Darma Persada University, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V3/article/view/9362

Employment Opportunities through Raising of Horticultural Nursery – A Case Study | Chapter 2 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 One of the veritably important enterprises for tone- employment generation is the horticultural nursery. It can produce a good income and employment generation. It's a success story of Md. Shahadat Hossain, Katajhar Pathar, Barpeta quarter of Assam. originally, he couldn't develop his nursery although he was veritably keen to establish a horticultural nursery before he associated with Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barpeta, Assam during 2005. He could understand the technologies necessary for the development of a horticultural nursery after he passed vocational training at KVK, Barpeta. The case study was conducted with the ideal to know the profitable benefit through caregiving of a horticultural nursery. The findings showed that in the first four times, he could get a veritably lower net return. In the first time, he earned a net return ofRs.8240.00 with B- C rate1.26. But, after getting specialized guidance from Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barpeta, his income position grew up steadily and during 2021- 22, he could get a net return ofRs. with the B- C rate3.35. At present, he has developed a good number of quality grafted, concentrated planting accoutrements of high value fruit crops like avocado, mango, dragon fruit, litchi, malta, apple, mousambi, and so on. Besides running his own family, he has given employment to 15 labours and therefore livelihood for 15 families.

Author(s) Details:

Ghana Kanta Sarma,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barpeta, Assam Agricultural University, Howly, PIN -781316, Assam, India.

Lipika Nath,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barpeta, Assam Agricultural University, Howly, PIN -781316, Assam, India.

Arup Kumar Deka,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barpeta, Assam Agricultural University, Howly, PIN -781316, Assam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V3/article/view/8403

Determining the Performance of Special Economic Zones in India | Chapter 11 |New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 7

 An attempt has been made in this study to assess the performance of SEZs in India. The study is based on secondary data collected from 2006-07 through 2020-21. According to the study's findings, India now has 268 special economic zones (SEZs) in operation as of February 17, 2022. SEZs have attracted a great amount of investment and created a large number of job opportunities for the people, contributing in India's poverty eradication. In conclusion, special economic zones (SEZs) have played an important role in attracting foreign direct investment and creating jobs in the country, according to the report. According to the report, Tamil Nadu has the most approved SEZs, followed by Maharashtra and Telangana. With the most SEZs in India, the IT/ITES/Electronic hardware and software sector is on top.

Author(S) Details

Deepak Kumar
Department of Economics, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind (Haryana), India.

Sunil Phougat
Department of Economics, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind (Haryana), India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NIEBM-V7/article/view/6396

Income and Employment Pattern of MNREGA Programme in District Sant Kabir Nagar: A Recent Study | Chapter 03 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 4

 Seventy-five respondents were chosen from a block of the district for the study, which was done using a purposive cum random sampling approach. The information gathered through personal interviews was categorised, tallied, and analysed in light of the study's goals. MGNREGA is a beneficiary plan that aims to improve the socioeconomic status of the majority of rural families in the study region. MNREGA's most notable characteristic is that it compensates women equally as men, which was previously unthinkable in rural India. The majority of respondents appear to be pleased with the scheme's income and employment benefits, and they intend to seek it out again in the future. The salaries and job assignments offered to the households are satisfactory, and MGNREGA is improving livelihood security in the research region.

Author(S) Details

Ambrish Kumar Verma
CSAUA&T, Nawabganj, Kanpur – 208002, India.

Bhartendu Yadav
CSAUA&T, Nawabganj, Kanpur – 208002, India.

Anil Sachan
CSAUA&T, Nawabganj, Kanpur – 208002, India.

Akash
CSAUA&T, Nawabganj, Kanpur – 208002, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NIEBM-V4/article/view/5330

Determining the Relationship between Transport Infrastructure and Employment: An Evidence from the Chinese Inland Provinces under the “One Belt, One Road” Initiative | Chapter 4 | Modern Perspectives in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 2

 The relationship between transportation infrastructure and employment in Chinese interior provinces immediately impacted by the “One Belt, One Road” plan is discussed in this chapter. In five Chinese inland regions immediately affected by the “One Belt, One Road” project, the authors looked at the interaction between trains and highways, two major pieces of transportation infrastructure and employment. For the years 2008-2017, data was gathered from China's National Bureau of Statistics and databases pertaining to "One Belt, One Road." To guarantee that the calculations were comparable across provinces and to examine the data, descriptive statistics and a graphic description technique were utilised. The findings show that there are ambiguous links between transportation infrastructure and employment, that transportation infrastructure has a positive effect on employment in some provinces but not in others over time, and that improving transportation infrastructure, as well as other relevant factors, should be considered for generating employment in the province.

Author (s) Details

Jin-Hui Li
Center for North and South Korea Studies, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.

Gwang-Nam Rim
Center for North and South Korea Studies, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China and Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

Chol-Ju An
Center for North and South Korea Studies, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China and Department of Foreign Trade, Faculty of Economics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MPEBM-V2/article/view/2322

PRISM Approach and Its Impact on Poverty Reduction in Nepal | Book Publisher International

 In Nepal's Kaski and Kapilvastu districts, this study looks at the effectiveness of the Prosperity Realization via Irrigation and Smallholder Market (PRISM) approach on farmer income and poverty reduction. The study was based on a purposive sample of diverse vegetable farmer groups from IDE projects that were performed and finished utilising the PRISM technique. In the vegetable farming of the project area, the sample included 105 household heads from 15 farmer groups in Kaski and 168 family heads from 24 farmer groups in Kapilvastu. They were chosen at random from a random table number. Information was obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire, and the situation was compared before and after the ten-year project intervention. Statistical Package for Social Science was used to tabulate, analyse, and analyse the data gathered (SPSS). The initiative primarily focused on agricultural supply chain networking to assist small farmers in increasing production, productivity, and marketing. Following the project intervention, the number of input suppliers increased, as did the availability of their services in a timely manner, indicating a positive impact in the field of input supply. More than 92 percent of small vegetable growers expressed satisfaction with the improved input supply situation.

Farmers' technical capability was improved, farmers were organised into groups, and forward and backward links with input suppliers and output dealers were strengthened, according to more than 86 percent of the respondents. The vegetable growers were able to sell their agricultural product on time in more than 94 percent of the sample populations. It aided them in becoming commercially successful entrepreneurs, providing job and revenue generation opportunities that considerably aided in poverty alleviation. Small vegetable growers' living standards have improved as a result of increasing food security, greater intake of vegetables and other protein-rich meals, and access to amenities such as television. Currently, 80-90 percent of farmers own radios and cellphones. Gender equality, as well as female participation in decision-making, improved by 75 to 95 percent. Consumption patterns and usage of health facilities for the improvement of health and hygiene of newborns, children, and adults suggested that vegetable growers were health concerned. Disease incidence dropped, as evidenced by fewer visits to health facilities by the family. The net return in Kaski was 22 times higher than before the project, and the net return in Kapilvastu was 5 times higher. All of the indices used to assess the impact on input supply, farm output, and produce marketing have improved since the PRISM Project began ten years ago, demonstrating the project's beneficial impact. In Kaski and Kapilvastu, the increase in mean area of vegetable cultivation after the project was significantly substantial when compared to before the project intervention. In Kaski, the increase in area under vegetable cultivation over the winter and summer was similarly large, but not in Kapilvastu. The seasonal vegetable growing farm with hired labours (R2 = 64.55) operating on the farm contributed about 2/3^rd of the vegetable production, according to the multiple regressed F-value pooled of both districts. As a result, the Nepalese government must adopt a strategy to utilise the PRISM approach as a programme planning tool for long-term development.

Author(s) Details

Bhimsen Gurung
Retired Government Senior Extension Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Nepal, Nepal and Retired International Value Chain/PRISM Capacity Development Director, IDE/International, Denvar, USA and Chairman of the Pokhara Lincoln International College, affiliated to Lincoln University, Malaysia and Chairman of New Bibek Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. Akantakuna, Lalitpur and Founding member of the BMG Secondary School, Pokhara Metropolitan city-29, Sainikbasti, Kaski, Nepal.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/PAIPRN/article/view/973

Monitoring the Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Related Factors in Japanese Employees: A Comparative Study between Surveys from 2007 and 2010 | Chapter 3 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9

The aim of this study was to look into the prevalence of depressive symptoms and the factors that affect them in Japan. Depressive disorder is one of the most common mental illnesses in Japan, and it is a major public health problem. The data was analysed to see whether there was a connection between high CES-D scores, socioeconomic status, and employment-related variables.

Employees in Akita prefecture completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) between November and December 2010 as part of a study. The CES-D scores had to be at least 16 to be considered (high scorers).

Being female, young age, less hours of sleep on weekdays, and working over 8 hours a day were socio-demographic and occupation-related factors associated with a high risk of depression, while drinking alcohol one to two days per week, but only in men, was significantly associated with a low risk of depression. The current findings were consistent with those of a previous study conducted in 2007. However, the current findings on work categories and smoking habits were not substantially correlated with depression, and thus differed from those of the 2007 survey.

Conclusions: The information provided in this paper will aid in identifying workers that are at high risk of developing depressive disorders, as well as identifying the socio-demographic and work-related factors that contribute to this risk. These findings can be used as CES-D benchmark values and can aid in the prediction of depressive disorders.

Author (s) Details

Masahito Fushimi
Akita University Health Center, 1-1, Tegata-Gakuen-Mach, Akita City, Akita Prefecture 010-8502, Japan and Akita Occupational Health Promotion Center, 6-6 Senshukubota-Machi, Akita City, Akita Prefecture 010-0874, Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCMS-V9/article/view/522

Employment of People with Disabilities in Jordan (Attitudes and Barriers, Legislation and Practices) | Chapter 2 | New Horizons in Education and Social Studies Vol. 4

 

The study of the reality of the jobs of people with disabilities in Jordan was discussed in this section. It included addressing the attitudes of Jordanians towards hiring people with disabilities, and challenges related to their jobs. The most important Jordanian legislation on the employment of people with disabilities and associated practises was also included.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Rodaina Khader Al Tarawneh
Department of Special Education, Mu'tah University, Jordan.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/280

An Analysis on Impact of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) on India’s Export | Chapter 9 | Current Strategies in Economics and Management Vol. 1

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to understand the importance and the impact of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) on India’s export during the period from 2009-10 to 2018-19. Methodology: A structured literature review is conducted from the journal database like elseiver, science direct, etc., and also collected data from the Government websites like RBI, SEZ, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, etc., to identify and categorize themes on Special Economic Zones (SEZ), India’s total exports, Foreign Exchange, Exports promotions, etc., Findings: The findings of this study is a very encouraging sign on total exports from India has been increasing during this period. It is also found that Specail Economic Zones in India’s export increased tremendously from ` 2,20,711 Crores in 2009-10 to ` 7,01,179 Crores in 2018-19. The shares of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) exports in India’s total exports have also incresed sharply from 26.10 percent in 2009-10 to 30.38 percent in 2018-19. Research Implications: This article is study on an in-depth analysis of secondary source of data from the Indian websites and Journal websites. The research builds on collecting data on parameters like Special Economic Zones (SEZ), India’s total export, Foreign exchange, Export promotions, etc., and also to know about the major initiatives taken by the Government of India to promote Special Economic Zones(SEZ) and its importance in exports in many major cities in India. Practical Implications: This article playing an important role in genrating more jobs and subsequently creating additional economic activities at the National level. Young buddy researchers can use this topics as their research work since this Special Economic Zones(SEZ) is limited coverage in India.

Author(s) Details

Mr. K. Aravindaraj
Department of Logistics Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India.

Dr. A. Muthusamy
Department of Commerce, Padmavani Arts & Science College for Women, Salem, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/174