Evaluation of Pollution Status: River Karola Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India | Chapter 2 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 9

 Because the River Karola is the primary river of Jalpaiguri, determining its pollution condition is crucial. The goal of the project was to determine the degree of pollution in the River Karola in order to prevent pollutant contamination. pH, Phosphate, Chloride, Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen, Turbidity, Conductivity, Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Temperature, Total Hardness, and Total Solids were among the physicochemical characteristics that were measured. Water samples were taken at three locations along the River Karola in Jalpaiguri Town and analysed. The experimental results were compared to WHO's standard limits. The findings revealed that some physicochemical parameters are within the WHO's guideline, while others are over it. Nitrogen was primarily prevalent in the River Karola during the dry season. Because the water is unsafe for human consumption and the environment, the significant findings of the river advise source protection of the water bodies for the benefit of mankind.

Author(S) Details

Himangshu Shekhar Mandal
Singimari Chandra Dev High School, Malda, West Bengal, India.

Amrita Das
Prasannadeb Women’s College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India.

Ashis Kumar Nanda
University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.

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Determination of Pre-Harvest Interval, Pesticide Contamination and Consumer Awareness to Reduce Pesticide Residues in Vegetables: A Case Study in Local Market of Vavuniya, Sri Lanka | Chapter 1 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 9

 Pesticides are used to kill pests, but they are also dangerous to humans. Pesticide contamination is detected using a variety of methods, and the pesticide's residual effect is reduced as a result of customer knowledge. The goal of this study was to identify pesticide residues in various vegetables based on their scent and appearance. In the Vavuniya local market, sniff and chop and smelling methods were employed to minimise pesticide residues, especially in leafy vegetables, and the efficiency of the water soaking method was measured. Pesticide residue was assessed by scent and appearance in a total of 160 samples collected at random from the local market. Different types of leafy vegetables were taken from organic farming fields and pesticides used farming fields for the chop and sniffing procedure. The leafy vegetable samples were cut and maintained for 15 minutes in sealed containers. Selected consumers in the vicinity were used to sniff out the contaminations. Consumers estimated pesticide contamination on an hourly basis by smell after thoroughly washing selected samples soaking in water for 1–3 hours. The acquired data was examined in SPSS using descriptive statistics (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). To combat the bug, all farmers rely on pesticides. Pesticide residue was found in high concentrations in 85% of the sample veggies, as determined by smell and sight. Approximately 60% of the farmers harvested their crops within one week following pesticide treatment. Before cooking, customers used the chop and sniff approach to detect pesticide contamination in leafy vegetables. Pesticide residue was reduced by soaking vegetables in water for 1-2 hours and properly washing them before preparing foods, as well as avoiding pesticide-contaminated fruits and vegetables by observing their appearance and scent. Pesticides were not detected in veggies that had been soaked in water for three hours, according to 74% of customers. This study suggests that farmers and consumers be educated about the indiscriminate use of pesticides and their long-term impacts, as well as how to identify pesticide-free vegetables in the market and how to eliminate pesticide residue before cooking to avoid health risks.

Author(S) Details

S. Vijitharan
Department of Bio-Science, Faculty of Applied Science, Vavuniya Campus, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka.

P. Loganathan
Department of Bio-Science, Faculty of Applied Science, Vavuniya Campus, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka.

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Development and Validation of a Robust and Rapid UV Spectroscopic Method for Estimation of Luliconazole and Clobetasol Propionate Drug Combination | Chapter 13 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5

 The new Luliconazole and Clobetasol Propionate combination was approved for the treatment of a variety of skin diseases. The goal of this research is to create and validate a rapid, steady, precise, and cost-effective derivative spectrophotometry procedure for analysing the recently approved Luliconazole and Clobetasol Propionate combination.

Methodology: The absorbance of LLZ and CLP was measured at 312nm (ZCP of CLP) and 249nm (ZCP of LLZ) in this first derivative spectroscopic approach. The concentrations used to establish linearity ranged from 10-50 g/ml for Luliconazole and 5-25 g/ml for Clobetasole Propionate.

As a result of the strategy described above, the R2 values for LLZ and CLP are 0.9988 and 0.9961, respectively. Recovery studies were used to statistically validate the accuracy and reproducibility of the intended method. Luliconazole and Clobetasol Propionate were shown to have 99.45 percent and 99.43 percent percent recovery, respectively. The limit of detection for LLZ is 0.0054 g/ml and the limit of quantification is 0.0164 g/ml, while the limit of detection for CLP is 0.0009 g/ml and the limit of quantification is 0.0027 g/ml.

Conclusion: Based on the research, a method was developed that demonstrates a fast, precise, exact, and conveniently accessible laboratory procedure for evaluating combination medications on a regular basis.

Author(S) Details

Binal Solanki
Nootan Pharmacy College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, India and Laxminarayandev College of Pharmacy, Bharuch, India.

Hirak Joshi
Laxminarayandev College of Pharmacy, Bharuch, India and Faculty of Pharmacy, Nootan Pharmacy College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, India.

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Study about Diabetic Neuropathy: Current Concept and Future Perspectives | Chapter 12 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5

 In underdeveloped countries, diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the leading causes of blindness. Currently, one out of every five diabetic patients may be diagnosed with DN. In clinical practise and clinical trials, assessing DN has proven to be complex and challenging. Unfortunately, there is no one treatment for neuropathic alterations or pain relief that can be used to avoid or reverse them. Intensive glucose control, risk factor management, and genetically configuration are the three main therapy options for diabetic neuropathy. Amitriptyline and duloxetine have now been discovered as effective pain relievers in DN. However, there is an increasing need for research to analyse the most effective medications and combinations for the treatment of DN in order to maximise pain alleviation and improve quality of life. Nav antagonists, N-type calcium channel blockers, NGF antibodies, and angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonists are all viable options for DN treatment. Modifying risk factors, genetics, and treatment of DN are all discussed in this topic.

Author(S) Details

D. Nagasamy Venkatesh
Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty – 643 001, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. D. Shanmugakumar
Jyothishmathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Thimmapur, Karimnagar, Telanagana – 505481, India.

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Study about Hybrid Nanostructures | Chapter 11 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5

 The rapid rise of electrochemical energy storage, which is used in a variety of industries such as electronics for portable consumers, hybrid electric cars, and industrial power and energy management. Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are the most important type of electrochemical energy storage device because they have a long life cycle and high power output. They are used to replace batteries in the energy storage area, especially where high power delivery or absorption is required. The most recent advances in the development of nanostructure electrode materials for EC technology have mostly focused on materials based on carbon that combine with hybrid nanostructures with pseudo capacitive metal oxides or conducting polymers in order to generate high performance ECs. The remaining obstacles and future research priorities for the next generation were the rational design and production of hybrid nanostructure electrode materials of ECs. In the field of nanotechnology, it is one of the most promising and quickly emerging study fields. Hybrid nanostructures are discussed in terms of design, manufacture, and applications. The development of multicomponent nanocrystals generated by the assembly of two or more distinct materials with control over size, shape, composition, and spatial orientation has piqued researchers' curiosity. The semiconductor nanorods have been found of selective growth on the ends of metals, behind that combination of optical and electrical qualities which can act by wires, due to the unique features of diverse metals.

Author(S) Details

D. Nagasamy Venkatesh
Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty – 643 001, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. D. Shanmugakumar
Jyothishmathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Thimmapur, Karimnagar, Telanagana – 505481, India.

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Assessment of Commercially Available Preparation of Brahmi, Ginkgo biloba on Cognitive Functions in Rats: A Comparative Study | Chapter 10 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5

 Brahmi and Ginkgo biloba are two of the oldest traditional herbal remedies that are increasingly being utilised to treat age-related cognitive decline and improve cognition. The goal of this study was to see how a commercially available Brahmi, Ginkgo biloba mixture affected spatial learning and memory in healthy young albino rats.

Methodology: Wistar albino rats (n=6) weighing between 100g and 150g were used in all pharmacological tests. A total of 24 mice were screened and divided into four groups, each with six animals: Control (D.W10 ml/kg), Brahmi (40 mg/kg), Ginkgo biloba (100 mg/kg), and Piracetam 200 mg/kg. The drugs were given orally for a total of 21 days. The amnesic models and characteristics for this investigation were the Elevated Plus Maze (Transfer Latency), Open Field Test (Rearing, Locomotion), and Radial Arm Maze (Working and Reference Memory).

Transfer Latency (p=0.918) in the raised plus maze, Working memory (0.678) and Reference memory (0.984) in the radial 8 arm maze, and locomotor activity (0.920) were all non-significant after 21 days of therapy in all three groups. All parameters were non-significant in the open field apparatus.

Conclusion: The findings imply that the commercial Brahmi and Ginkgo biloba preparations we utilised in our study had no effect on several learning models as measured by the Elevated Plus Maze, Radial Arm Maze, and Open Field Test.

Author(S) Details

Yogita Surendra Karandikar
Department of Pharmacology, SKNMCGH, Pune, India.

Namrata Rajendra Pawar
Department of Pharmacology, SKNMCGH, Pune, India.

Uma Anand Bhosale
Department of Pharmacology, SKNMCGH, Pune, India.

Prachi Doiphode
Department of Pharmacology, SKNMCGH, Pune, India.

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Design of Experiments: A Tool for Statistical Analysis | Chapter 9 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5

 Quality by Design (QbD) has various advantages in the field of new product development, including less annoyance, increased efficiency, reduced regulatory compliance obligations, and increased customer loyalty. The FDA and the pharmaceutical industry take a more rigorous approach to the creation of medications. Scientific, holistic, and risk-based approaches should be considered when developing new medications. QbD elements are specified when a corporation designs and develops a product. Several input elements influence the quality of procedures and products in general. Using the design of experiment, researchers have recently concentrated on understanding the impact of multidimensional and interrelated input elements on the outputs of medications and analytical methods (DoE). It also looks at how DOE might be applied for both students and teachers, as well as historical viewpoints on DOE. A well-designed experiment can help you make the most of your resources while also making it easy to examine the data. The importance of collaborations between scholars and practitioners in pushing the boundaries of experimental design is investigated. It covers the fundamentals and applications of the most common screening and response surface designs, as well as how to create blended designs.

To put it another way, the goal of the experiment is to reduce ambiguity and uncertainty. Relationships between and among variables are investigated in a good experimental design; in general, one variable, the independent variable, is controlled to quantify its effect on other variables. Any researcher utilising experimental design should be concerned about dependent control; in experiments, the researcher chooses an intervention that is linked to the independent variable and then controls how that intervention is used in the research environment. A causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables can be established if the experimental design is followed correctly.

Author(S) Details

Deep Patel
School of Pharmacy, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune 411038, India.

Sushant Dangat
School of Pharmacy, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune 411038, India.

Ashwin Kuchekar
School of Pharmacy, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune 411038, India.

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