An Economic Analysis of Bovine Milk Production in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India | Chapter 9 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

The annual maintenance costs C of overall farms were estimated to be ₹1.17 lakhs of crossbred cows, ₹ 86.72 thousand of buffaloes, and ₹36.28 thousand of local cows. The overall cost of production of milk was estimated to be ₹ 29.17 per Kg of milk of crossbred cows, ₹ 29.35 per Kg of milk of buffaloes, and 32.64 per Kg of milk of local cows. Gross returns of crossbred cow's milk of the overall farm were accounted for in 1.52 lakh per year per crossbred cow, ₹ 1.12 lakh per year per buffalo, and ₹ 44.85 thousand per year per local cow.  The annual cash flow statement of benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was estimated to be on average 1.24 higher for crossbred cows, followed by 1.19 for buffalo, and 1.11 for the local cow. The project was approved as the net present value (NPV) was evaluated at ₹ 2.94 lakhs of crossbred cow, 1.65 lakhs of buffalo, and ₹ 54.99 thousand of local cow. The internal rate of return (IRR) was estimated to be 59.68 percent for crossbred cows, 37.89 percent for buffalo, and 12.30 percent for local cows of the cash flow statement as a positive association. As dairy farm sizes increase, both annual maintenance and investment costs tend to decrease, particularly due to lower depreciation costs. Larger farms lead to higher gross and net returns. Crossbred cows, buffaloes, and local cows have different lifespans and death periods, with crossbred cows showing the highest financial returns. Increasing farm size generally reduces costs and increases profitability, with crossbred cows showing the highest returns.

 

Author (s) Details

Ram Kumar Mandal
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Sujita Kumari Sharma
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Sandeep Kumar
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

M.K. Wadhwani
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Veerabhadrappa Bellundagi
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Nitu Kumari
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Shalani Kumari
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Ramnath Kumar Ray
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/2468

Potential and Opportunities for the Development of the Coconut Palm Industry as an Alternative Wood Substitution Material| Chapter 8 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

The current economic condition of coconut plantations looks increasingly worrying because its flagship products are still dominated by copra and oil. Various efforts are made to increase the added value of products and revenues, ranging from downstream utilization of coconut products to follow-up results. This paper aims to present the utilization of coconut as an alternative source of wood that needs to be developed because it has many impacts, including (1) substitution of conventional wood from natural forests, (2) additional sources of income for farmers and foreign exchange and (3) encouraging and supporting coconut rejuvenation programs. Using descriptive explorative research methods with a systematic writing approach in the form of scientific reviews taken from several references to research findings. Various data are collected and discussed in a descriptive manner. The results showed that the palm oil industry as an alternative to Wood substitution materials in an integrated manner can provide opportunities for job expansion efforts, improving the welfare of the farming community, and increasing regional income and foreign exchange earnings.

 

Author (s) Details

Gabriel H. Joseph
Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Payung Layuk
Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Meivie Lintang
Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Agustinus N. Kairupan
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Derek Polakitan
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Jantje G. Kindangen
Research Center for Macroeconomics and Finance, National Research and Innovation Agency, Manado, Indonesia.

 

Janne H. W. Rembang
Research Center for Horticultural and Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Manado, Indonesia.

 

Paulus C. Paat
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/2162

Evaluating the Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions towards Agricultural Credit in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania | Chapter 7 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

The agricultural sector is crucial to Tanzania’s economy, serving as a key driver of sustainable and robust economic growth. However, despite its importance, the sector is predominantly small-scale, with smallholder farmers who struggle with low incomes. This economic reality drives a strong demand for agricultural credit, which is essential for enabling farming operations and the adoption of new technologies. Agricultural credit demand represents farmers’ willingness and ability to access financial resources to meet their investment needs. This study sought to evaluate the smallholder farmers’ perceptions towards agricultural credit in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. The study was grounded in rational choice theory, which was given priority due to its relevance in explaining access to financial services, as individual attributes significantly influence credit demand among smallholder farmers. The theory assumes that smallholder farmers choose the most favorable option based on their preferences among the available alternatives. A cross-sectional research design was employed incorporating a mixed research approach. A multi-stage sampling technique involving two stages was used. In the first stage, the study purposively selected 10 out of 29 wards based on their potential in crop production and the presence of credit-providing institutions. Subsequently, 300 smallholder farmers were randomly selected. Both primary data and secondary data were used. Primary data collected from 300 smallholder farmers were descriptively analyzed using the SPSS version. 25. The study findings revealed that larger farm sizes necessitate more labor, which in turn increases the demand for capital, often sourced through credit. However, the study identified several challenges perceived by smallholder farmers that hinder their access to agricultural credit. These challenges include the risk associated with agriculture credit, limited access to credit information, lack of education, bureaucratic lending procedures, and high loan repayment rates. The perception that application procedures are cumbersome and time-consuming was particularly noted as a deterrent, which negatively impacts farmers’ likelihood of seeking credit from MFIs. The study concludes by recommending targeted interventions to enhance smallholder farmers' access to agricultural credit. This includes educational programs focused on the effective utilization of credit, as well as improvements in market information systems. Furthermore, financial institutions are urged to enhance the dissemination of information regarding agricultural credit, thereby improving their service delivery and supporting the financial inclusion of smallholder farmers.

 

Author (s) Details

Lazaro Athanas Mwonge
Department of Economics, Mathematics and Statistics, Jordan University College (JUCo), P.O.Box 1878 Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Alexis Naho
Department of Economics, Mathematics and Statistics, Jordan University College (JUCo), P.O.Box 1878 Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/1860

Audit ESG Reports through Blockchain Technology in Business Enterprises | Chapter 6 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

Among the critical factors that affect the current financial and business environment are ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance), auditing, and blockchain technology. Nowadays, ESG audit is a strong management tool for making sustainable investment decisions and promoting business activities while providing information about a company's long-term sustainability and compliance with ethical standards. On the other hand, blockchain technology is a cutting-edge technology that provides security transparency and decentralization. Based on a literature review, the purpose of this article is to explore these two concepts and how the use of blockchain technology could be used in ESG audit reports shaping and improving the concept of sustainable development in the future. The integration of blockchain technologies into ESG audits is essential for encountering the challenges with the current reporting methods.

 

Author (s) Details

Evangelia Pappa
Department of Marketing & Management, European University of Cyprus, Open University of Cyprus and Hellenic Open University, Greece.

 

Panagiotis Georgitseas
Department of Public Administration, School of Economy and Public Administration, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece.

 

George Tantis
Department of Public Administration, School of Economy and Public Administration, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece.

 

Panagiotis Kyriakogkonas
Department of Accounting and Finance, School of Economics, University of Western Macedonia, Greece.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/2628

Relevance of Business Ethics: A Navigating Force for Global Sustainable Quality Generation in Organizations | Chapter 5 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

Business ethics has emerged as one of the prominent ringtones of the millennium organizations in present times. Notwithstanding the social uncertainties and the business fluctuation in vogue the essentiality and applicability of business ethics is the call of the hour.  The chapter highlights the rationale of business ethics and attempts to explore the key domains and items that may be considered relevant for present-day business houses. The literature of the paper hovers around rediscovering Goals and ethics, diversity management and ethics, entity value on decision making, legal perspective of business ethics, diversified ethics and gender differentiation. The paper ultimately aims to conceptualize a scale for finding conclusive remarks in certain identifiable arenas within the field of business ethics. The paper upholds a modest attempt to structure the “Business Ethics for Sustainable Quality”- ‘BESQ’ Scale with its domains and items with a focus on business ethics as a gateway to global sustainable organizational progression. The study makes a realistic effort to throw considerable light on the impact of business ethics and harmonizing the path of human development and organizational escalation in the days to come.

 

Author (s) Details

Partha Naskar
West Bengal SCSTOBC Development & Finance Corporation, Government of West Bengal, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/2405

Challenges of Airport Privatization in India | Chapter 4 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

After implementing economic liberalization in the 1990s, the Government of India (GoI) started privatizing the airports. The deregulation of airports and the private sector participation in airport modernization have increased air passengers, customs, and aircraft movements. The increment of air passengers, aircraft movement, and customs has resulted in the urgency to develop and upgrade airport services. The year 2006 marked an important time to commercialize and privatize Indian airports. A PPP model (Public Private Partnership) has been implemented in several airports. There remain several challenges and constraints for PPP airports. This paper looks at the background regulation of airport development, its characteristics, and the challenges of privatization.

 

Author (s) Details

 Mohan Phuyal
Department of Economics, Soka University of Japan, Tokyo, Hachioji, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/2343

Artificial Intelligence: A New Tactic to Perform Banking Operations | Chapter 3 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

Since the existence of banking culture in India around 1770 (Pre-independence phase) the bank has evolved as per the trends that exist in that era. From the Pre-independence phase to the nationalisation phase (1969) and then to the Liberalisation phase (1990 onwards) and now the digitization phase (from the last few decades). Banks have implemented changes in their working mechanism very gracefully. The most recent is the digitization phase: where only banking internal work was digitized and human power was not replaced but literate to complete their operations through machine support more efficiently in less latency. During the internet boom era, when the WWW cloud covered the industries with its thick sheet of benefits, the banking sector opted for digitizing all its records and allowing access to its customers through login details. In the current technology trends, AI (Artificial Intelligence) is ruling the tech world and banking is no less than any industry in adopting this latest technology trend. Artificial intelligence is not only simplifying processes and increasing revenue but also improving business results and increasing customer satisfaction.  To achieve AI’s contribution in the banking sector, authors have worked to enlist AI algorithm’s contribution and association with various banking operations/services.

 

Author (s) Details

Archana B Saxena
Department of IT, Jagan Institute of Management Studies (JIMS), 3, Institutional Area, Sector-5, Rohini, Sector-5, India.

 

Deepshikha Aggarwal
Department of IT, Jagan Institute of Management Studies (JIMS), 3, Institutional Area, Sector-5, Rohini, Sector-5, India.

 

Deepti Sharma
Department of IT, Jagan Institute of Management Studies (JIMS), 3, Institutional Area, Sector-5, Rohini, Sector-5, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/1891