Detection and Analysis of Harmful Algal Blooms and Fish Mortalities in Jakarta Bay Via Satellite Imagery | Chapter 1 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

The coastal region of Jakarta Bay is susceptible to fish mortality and harmful algal blooms (HAB), often triggered by human activities and environmental changes. This study analyzed data from the Terra and Aqua MODIS satellites collected between 2004 and 2015 to measure chlorophyll-a levels indicative of algal blooms. The research aimed to identify and examine fish mortality and HAB in Jakarta Bay using satellite imagery. Multispectral and hyperspectral satellite data were processed to detect harmful algae distribution and fish mortality regions, integrating field data, biological water parameters, and remote sensing data. The findings suggest satellite imagery effectively monitors chlorophyll-a concentration variations, which is crucial for HAB detection. However, severe blooms do not always result in significant fish deaths. The primary cause of fish mortality was insufficient water circulation, which led to oxygen deficiency during peak blooms. The study highlights the potential of satellite-based monitoring for identifying and managing toxic algal blooms and fish deaths, providing essential data for water resource management in Jakarta Bay. Despite limitations like cloud cover, developing an early warning system (EWS) using satellite imagery is proposed as a revolutionary solution for algal blooms. This technique is vital for establishing an EWS in Jakarta Bay.

 

 

Author (s) details

Tumpak sidabutar
Research center for oceanography, national research and innovation agency (brin), jl. Pasir putih i, jakarta 14430, indonesia.

 

Endang s. Srimariana
Department of marine science and technology, faculty of fisheries and marine sciences, ipb university dramaga bogor, jawa barat 166680, indonesia.

 

H.a.w cappenberg
Research center for oceanography, national research and innovation agency (brin), jl. Pasir putih i, jakarta 14430, indonesia.

 

S. Wouthuyzen
Research center for oceanography, national research and innovation agency (brin), jl. Pasir putih i, jakarta 14430, indonesia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/1234

Rectangular Trace Application in the Reduction of the Crosstalk of a Coupled Microstrip Line | Chapter 5 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

In microwave circuit, the microstrip line has many problems one of these problems are crosstalk (coupling). Coupling is an important problem for the circuits that have multi-lines, which is induced by the difference between the capacitive coupling ratio (Cm=CT) and inductive coupling ratio. This problem is still very important due to the usage of the Very Large-Scale Integration. The study shows that the microstrip lines can be easily adapted to the small dimensions. The study aims to investigate the use of rectangular trace to reduce the crosstalk of the coupled microstrip lines. New electronic products must have high-speed, small size and lower voltages supply. With such layout, signal integrity (SI) becomes an actual important issue because sensitive equipment is affected on electromagnetic interference (EMI). Crosstalk is a major factor in signal integrity (SI) of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Crosstalk noise is usually represented in terms of Near-End crosstalk (NEXT) and FarEnd crosstalk (FEXT). Crosstalk is a common problem that degrades circuit performance. To reduce this problem, via hole-fences connected by guard trace between double microstrip lines are used, in this case the crosstalk will be reduce by 6 dB than use 3 W rule, but when it replaced by rectangular metal the crosstalk was reduce by 7 dB , is better than use via holefences by 1 dB . The simulation result was done by using FEKO 5.5 simulator. In conclusion, changing and reducing the crosstalk between double microstrip lines was compared to three techniques, using rectangular trace between microstrip lines new method compared it with the other two methods (3W rule and using via fence) all have the same dimensions.

 

Author (s) Details

Ahmed Ali Hussein
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa North, Cyprus.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/4984

 

Decoding the Site Planning of Emperor Minh Mang’s Mausoleum Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945), Vietnam: Architectural Ideals and Feng Shui Principles | Chapter 4 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

This paper presents initial findings on the study of the Complex of Hue Monuments by analysing the site planning principles of Emperor Minh Mang’s Mausoleum, constructed during the Nguyen Dynasty (1802–1945) in Vietnam. The research is based on reliable historical documents from the Nguyen Dynasty, along with database sources provided by Waseda University and the Hue Monuments Conservation Center. It investigates the history of the mausoleum’s construction and restoration, the planning principles applied, and the role of Feng Shui (geomantic) concepts in its design.

Throughout this study, key design ideas and site planning principles have been identified, including symmetry, the orderly progression of grid axes, and the systematic deployment of construction units. These findings offer an effective framework for understanding the distinctive architectural features and site planning of Emperor Minh Mang’s Mausoleum.

 

Author (s) Details

An Vinh Le
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 71408, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/5523

Free Vibration Characteristics of Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) Mechanical Systems: Investigating through Theory, Experimentation and Numerical Simulation |Chapter 3 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

The study of free vibration is pivotal in understanding and predicting the dynamic behaviour of mechanical systems, enabling engineers to optimise designs, ensure structural integrity, and enhance performance. In this study, the primary goal is to investigate the free vibration characteristics of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) mechanical system. The objectives include determining the system's natural frequency, damping ratio, and analysing its transient behaviour during free vibrations. This study employs a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulations using Simulink, and experimental observations to achieve these objectives. The Sanderson simple vibration apparatus was used for the study. Several important parameters, such as the damping ratio, the damping constant, the critical damping constant, the logarithmic decrement, and how different setups affect the results, were analysed. Numerical results provide insights into the dynamic response, revealing critical system behaviours such as damping effects. The observation of this study also highlights the crucial role of damping in controlling and mitigating vibrations. Such behaviour is of paramount importance in engineering applications where the control of oscillations is essential for system stability and performance. The discussion contextualises the findings within the realm of mechanical engineering principles, emphasising practical implications. In conclusion, this study offers an understanding of SDOF system dynamics, with applications in engineering design and analysis.

 

Author (s) Details

Abdullah Al Hossain Newaz
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, 06604, USA.

 

Rudra Mitra
Department of Computer Science, University of Bridgeport, USA.

 

Refat Jahan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Haven, USA.

 

Abdul Kadir
Department of Analytics and System, University of Bridgeport, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/5456

Influence of Baffle Block Arrangements and Downstream Weir Slope on Hydraulic Jump and Energy Dissipation on Solid-Roller Bucket Stilling Basins | Chapter 2 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

Stilling basin is an alternative water work to reduce the scour, and it is usually supplemented by baffle blocks or defence blocks to increase the effectiveness of the energy dissipater. Baffle walls and blocks are often used to stabilise the jump, decrease its length, and increase the energy dissipation. Performance of baffle walls and blocks in free hydraulic jumps has been studied by numerous researchers. Weir is a water structure built crossing a river to elevate the water level or the channel that will be directed to the irrigation network. The rise in water level due to damming will result in rapid flow downstream. The change of flow from supercritical to subcritical will create a hydraulic jump. To reduce the energy contained in the flow, it is necessary to build an energy dissipater, which is the stilling basin. This study investigates the influence of downstream weir slope and the influence of baffle block arrangement on hydraulic jumps and energy dissipation on the solid-roller bucket. The research was conducted at the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, UMS. This study used an open flume with dimensions of 30x60x1000 cm with a channel bed slope of 0.0058, an ogee spillway with a downward slope of 1: 4, 2: 4, 3: 4, 4: 4, and a solid-roller bucket stilling basin with baffle blocks of 5/12 R. The shape of the baffle blocks was cubical. The study was conducted on sixteen treatments (downstream slope and placement baffle blocks) with four variations of water discharge, in which the flow turbulence, the length of the whirlpool and energy loss of each discharge were tested. The spillway was designed using maximum discharge to obtain various flows. The findings showed that the increasing flow triggers greater turbulence, the length of the hydraulic jump downstream of the vortex, and a smaller value of the percentage of energy loss. Additionally, the most effective baffle block arrangement in reducing turbulence and hydraulic jumps is the one that is placed at the centre of the curved radius. Moreover, the efficiency of energy loss increases with reduced discharge variation; the treatment without baffle blocks is the most effective. With the same flow rate of the downstream body weir variation, there is an insignificant difference in the flow turbulence and energy loss except for the hydraulic jump length, which is the most effective 4: 4 slope. Further research can explore scouring effects at the downstream vortex, incorporating diverse forms of baffle block shapes, weir slopes, and weir heights for comprehensive analysis.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Jaji Abdurrosyid
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Gurawan Djati Wibowo
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Ika Setiyaningsih
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Pembra Juned Adipura
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/5273

Diagnosis of Balcony Thermal Bridges Using Infrared Thermography |Chapter 1 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

The optimisation of energy efficiency and thermal performance in buildings hinges critically on high-performance insulation and airtight envelopes. However, the presence of thermal bridging significantly undermines the thermal integrity of these envelopes. Such bridges can emerge at various junctions, leading to increased transmission losses, heightened heat flow, and diminished surface temperatures indoors. While all EU member states' regulations acknowledge thermal bridges in new constructions, specific guidelines addressing the junctions between balconies and walls remain inadequate, leaving a gap in the regulatory framework regarding their impact on thermal performance. This study focuses on the assessment of balcony-to-wall thermal bridges through infrared thermography, showcasing its application in a contemporary residential building in northeastern France. The findings indicate a lack of compliance with national regulations, as certain criteria are unmet. Additionally, thermographic evaluations of thermal break windows and doors have uncovered instances of air leakage. This paper underscores the potential of thermal imaging as a vital tool for ensuring compliance with new building standards, advocating for the inclusion of a quality assurance clause tailored to balcony junctions within the national building regulations across all EU states.

 

Author (s) Details

Harry Ramenah
Université de Lorraine, Metz, France.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/5078

A Proof of the Twin Prime Conjecture | Chapter 9 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Contemporary Developments Vol. 5

The traditional definition of the twin prime conjecture is that there is an infinite number of twin primes. The traditional definition of a twin prime is a pair of odd primes separated by one even number, e.g., 29 and 31.

 

The twin prime conjecture is a long standing problem. In many introductory textbooks on number theory, the author has a section (usually in the first chapter) on open problems. The Twin Prime Conjecture is usually listed1.. Britannica has a comment on it. Go to "britannica.com" and search on "twin prime conjecture (number theory)". From the article: "The first statement of the twin prime conjecture was given in 1846 by French mathematician Alphonse de Polignac, ..." Some mathematicians have suggested that Euclid (circa 300 BC) hinted at the twin prime conjecture when he did his work on the infinitude of the primes.

 

We give a distinctly new approach to the twin prime conjecture. We don't use the methods of analytic number theory. Instead, we use Eratosthenes' sieve2 . We are not interested in the primes that are uncovered. Instead, we find in the sparse sequences of natural numbers that remain after each implementation of the sieve, useful structures that we call Eratosthenes' Patterns. These structures reveal a number of twin primes, and with each implementation of the sieve, these structures reveal increasing numbers of twin primes.

 

The essence of our proof is to show that the number of twin primes between pn and

 approaches infinity as n approaches infinity.

 

Moreover, we have found a second constellation of primes, two primes that differ by four. In each of the Eratosthenes Patterns these primes are equal in number to the twin primes. We suggest that these are as significant as the twin primes. They are also infinite in number.

 

In order, we describe Eratosthenes' Sieve, Eratosthenes' Patterns, and the twins. Then we give the proof.

 

Author (s) Details

A. W. Draut
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcscd/v5/2386