Nicotine Replacement Therapy: A Clinical Approach | Chapter 13 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 

India's diverse geography affects leading causes of death like TB, pulmonary, vascular, and neoplastic disorders. Smoking, a global issue, exacerbates poverty by diverting funds from essentials, while second-hand smoke poses health risks indoors. Second-hand smoke causes serious cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including coronary heart disease and lung cancer, and kills around 1.3 million people prematurely every year.

China, Brazil and India are the largest tobacco leaf growers, with China accounting for 3.2 million metric tons . The main tobacco farming practices in LMICs (low and middle-income countries) that are responsible for environmental degradation are the use of agrochemicals and deforestation to clear land for tobacco growing and for fuel wood used in the flue-curing of tobacco. These practices lead to two major environmental consequences: ecosystem disruptions and soil degradation, which consequently lead to the loss of land resources, biodiversity and food insecurity . Studies have shown that tobacco absorbs more nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium than other major food and cash crops, and therefore, tobacco growing decreases soil fertility more rapidly than other crops.

The addiction to tobacco and related products poses a great challenge to healthcare providers. Various forms of Nicotine replacement are available in the market. Each form is associated with a specific dosage, methods of usage and pros and cons. The selection of the modality for nicotine replacement depends upon multiple factors like type, duration and severity of addiction, affordability of the patient and availability of the product in the market. They can be used as a single modality or in combination with other products. The current chapter discusses various nicotine replacement therapies and their intricacies.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Anagha Shete
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, D Y Patil Dental School, Lohegaon, Pune, India.

Dr. Mrinal Shete
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, D Y Patil Dental School, Lohegaon, Pune, India.

Dr. Vaishnavi Lolage
D Y Patil Dental School, Lohegaon, Pune, India.

 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V6/article/view/14304

Comparison of Accuracy of Gender Identification between Regression Models Derived from Hand, Foot Measurements and Long Bone Measurements in a Sample of Kolhapur Population | Chapter 5 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 Introduction: Gender identification has been done using the measurements of various body parts such as trunk, vertebral column, limbs, long and short bones, hand, foot, frontal bone, etc.

Aim: The present study aims to compare the accuracy of the regression formula derived to predict gender using data on measurements of foot and hand with the formula derived to predict gender using the length measurements data of the long bones (tibia and ulna).

Methods: The samples are selected randomly from the patients attending outpatient services, the age range of the patients selected is 18-50 years.  (n=1000; 500 males and 500 females). Subjects suffering from any kind of bone deformity were excluded. Vallois method was used to estimate the measurements of hand, foot, tibia, and ulna. Regression formulas were obtained from the hand, foot-long bones measurements; to predict gender, using multiple logistic regression.

Results: Differences between male’s and female’s measurements of hand (P<0.001), long bones (P<0.001), and foot (P<0.001) were significant. The accuracy of the model used to predict gender, which was calculated from the dimensions of hand and foot was 81.5%. The accuracy of the model used to predict gender calculated from the long bone measurement was 78.3%. Surprisingly, dimensions of hand and foot seems to be a better predictor of gender, than long bones (tibia and ulna) length in the Kolhapur population. The major strength of this study is that it is one of the largest studies conducted to identify gender using data on the measurements of hand and foot.

Conclusions: Dimensions of hand and foot are a better predictor (81.5%) of gender vs the length of long bones (tibia and ulna) (78.3%) in the Kolhapur population. The applicability of the methods on populations from other geographic areas should be tested on skeletal samples in which the sex is known, either through documentation, other anthropological methods, or genetic analysis.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Arun Karmalkar,
Department of Anatomy, D.Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, India.

Dr. Vasudha Nikam
Department of Anatomy, D.Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V6/article/view/14281

Spontaneous Intracystic Hemorrhage in an Arachnoid Cyst with Ipsilateral Subdural Hematoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature | Chapter 9 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 

Arachnoid cysts (ACs) are benign, congenital, fluid-filled compartments between two layers of the arachnoid membrane. In the majority of cases, ACs are asymptomatic and detected as an incidental finding on imaging. A case of spontaneous intracystic hemorrhage into an arachnoid cyst and ipsilateral subdural hematoma with no history of trauma is reported. A 23-year-old male presented with a history of headaches for 2 months at a referring hospital. He was treated conservatively and brought to our hospital after an episode of seizure and vomiting with a worsening of the headache. Non-contrast head CT and MRI demonstrated an arachnoid cyst with hemorrhage within it in the left temporal fossa and early subacute subdural hemorrhage along the left frontotemporoparietal cerebral convexities. Frontotemporoparietal craniotomy with subdural haematoma evacuation and marsupialisation of the arachnoid cyst was performed. Until a postoperative year, the patient had no headache and no neurological deficits. Arachnoid cysts are incidentally detected on neuroimaging. Hemorrhage into the cyst is a rare complication following head trauma. Subdural hygromas and hematomas are also rare associations and less than 30 cases of arachnoid cysts with spontaneous hemorrhage are reported in literature. Although very rare, spontaneous intracystic hemorrhage into an arachnoid cyst may occur and the possibility of such a complication should be considered in the evaluation of patients with raised intracranial pressure and associated intracranial hemorrhage elsewhere.

Author(s) Details:

Satyanarayana Kummari
Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India.


RK Rao Vedula
Department of Radiodiagnosis, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Telangana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V6/article/view/14285

The Implications of COVID-19 on Pediatric Dentistry, Preventative Measures, and Child Management in Dental Clinics | Chapter 1 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 COVID-19, declared as a pandemic by WHO, is spreading all over the world expeditiously; its origin was recorded in Wuhan city, China. The first case was reported in Wuhan City in December 2019 and then started spreading all over the world. The virus spreads through the droplets and also through direct contact, all the medical workers, especially dentists are at risk due to the mode of infection. The deadly coronavirus has affected almost all ages, earlier it was found only to be infected for the old aged, but gradually evidence has proved that there is no low risk for even middle-aged and children too. The prevalence of coronavirus infection in the case of children is 1-5% among the cases diagnosed all over the world, but a gradual increased chance of infection for kids could be noticed. The impact of COVID-19 has changed the way of dental practice, and the impact on pediatric dentistry is not reported much. A pediatric dentist plays an important role in educating children about oral health and the maintenance of the same. The review is written focusing on the COVID-19 impact on pediatric dentistry, and precautionary measures to be followed by dentists and the children to lessen the chances of infection and transmission of the virus. Scheduling appointments based on the emergency profile, Proper sterilization, disinfection of the dental clinic and instruments that are being used, Preliminary tests before appointment, Recording Medical history of the children, creating awareness among children and parents, and other infection control measures. A pediatric dentist should be cautious, be able to make decisions suitably and follow the proper guidelines in the COVID times to avoid infection for both self and the child.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. N. Sai Sri Harsha,
Department of Periodontics and Implantology, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Md. Waseeullah
Department of Periodontics and Implantology, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Sanjana Bhargava
RKDF Dental College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Nabeela Begum
Rajarajeshwari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Asma Sultana
Dr. Syamala Reddy Dental College Dental College Hospital and Research Center, Bengaluru, India.

Shameena M
Rajarajeshwari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Priyanaka Deshmukh
People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V6/article/view/14276

Forensic Implications of Facial Feminization and Masculinization Surgeries in Health Sciences | Chapter 8 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 

The present study provides a theoretical and reflective approach to the forensic aspects and considerations in the recognition and identification of transgender individuals who have undergone FFS and FMS. Individuals who are characterized by strong and persistent identification with the opposite sex (gender dysphoria) often seek plastic surgeons for sex reassignment and/or to accentuate gender-specific facial features, surgically modifying facial features, wishing to be accepted in society as part of antagonistic sex. Facial feminization surgery and facial masculinization surgery are surgical procedures intended to remodel and restore the soft tissues and facial bone characteristics in order to give trans women's faces a more feminine appearance. These surgeries could have forensic ramifications because of the challenges in determining the patient's gender in the event that forensic facial reconstruction is required to identify the patient and, subsequently, those who have had this kind of surgery. Such consequences, although important, are little considered in scientific studies. Thus, this study brings a theoretical and reflective approach to forensic aspects and considerations in human recognition and identification of transsexual individuals who underwent feminization to masculinization facial surgeries.

Author(s) Details:

Franciéllen de Barros
São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil.

Mônica da Costa Serra
São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil.

Barbara Kuhnen
São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil.

Clemente Maia da Silva Fernandes
São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V6/article/view/14284

Classification Offered by the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for the Patient Information: An Overview | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 

Purpose: Study of the classification offered by the artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the “Patient Information” variable in the “Not” category in all data groups: Training, Testing and Holdout.

Background: Informed consent is a principle of medical ethics, medical law and media studies because a patient must have sufficient information and understanding before making decisions on their medical care. Pertinent information may include risks and benefits of treatments, alternative treatments, the patient’s role in treatment, and their right to refuse treatment.

Methods: This study collects data from hospitals in the Burgos University Hospital, Spain, for two years, configuring a data file with 647 cases and 9 variables, 7 of them referring to the attitude to Informed consent, Sex and Age. We perform a descriptive analysis to have information about the variables that make up the classification/prediction model (Artificial Neural Network), and how the data are distributed by category (“Yes” and “Not”) of the “Patient Information” variable.

Results: The structure of the most efficient artificial neural network found in the classification of the categories of the “Patient Information” variable (“Yes” and “Not” categories) is the binomial Hidden layer-Output layer: Hyperbolic tangent-Softmax Dependent variable: (“Patient Information”; Partition: Training 60%, Testing 20% and Holdout 20%).

Conclusions: The classification/prediction of the “Patient Information” variable using the artificial neural network, perceptron, offers us the low classification/prediction of the “Not” category, which is the object of this study.  An empirical investigation demonstrates that adding a new covariant variable, like "Consultation time," to the network enhances the classification of the "Not" category.

Author(s) Details:

Elena Martín Pérez,
Institute of Forensic and Legal Medicine of Zamora, Spain.

Jacobo Salvat Dávila
Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, University Hospital of Burgos, Spain.

 

Quintín Martín Martín
Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V6/article/view/14282

Community Services as Part of Health Day Celebration: Need for Targeted Health Care Services | Chapter 2 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 

Background: Every year, nurse lecturers from the School of Nursing and Public Health choose the day's events and graciously provide their time to participate. The procedures included checking blood pressure, weighing, and providing general health instructions on various subjects. In that instance, the events were limited to university employees, a small number of students enrolled remotely, and anyone who might happen to be on campus that day.

Aim: is the present study aimed to take the service to the community around Oshakati to sell their service and to raise awareness about the reality of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity under the theme: “High blood pressure”.

Method: The activities were carried out in April 2013. The activities were carried out on street vendors at the Oshakati open market, members of the media who captured the event as well as the community members surrounding the Oshakati open market and community members from rural areas who visited the open market on that specific day.

Results: The analysis of the findings was based on the users of the services. Many people who used the services were found to have high blood pressure up to 229/124mmHg, many of the women who sell “okapana” are overweight and seem to have a lack of knowledge about balanced diet because they could not understand why they are overweight compared to their Body Mass Index (BMI). They prefer to keep their “fatness” because if they lose weight they will be laughed at and said to have AIDS. Many people were found to have high blood glucose levels (33.3mmol/L).

Conclusion: The results indicate the need for healthcare providers to strengthen community services and outreach to improve the knowledge and understanding of community members on the need for undergoing regular screening. The interaction with community members was both a professional and learning life experience. Community members showed eagerness to know much about nursing and medical-related issues. Planning the health care services should be done in collaboration with community members.

Author(s) Details:

Lusia N. Pinehas,
Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Namibia, Namibia.

N. N. Shifiona
Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Namibia, Namibia.

 

K. K. I. Shikongo
Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Namibia, Namibia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V6/article/view/14277