Determination of Duplicated Optic Canals in Eastern Indian Human Skulls from India | Chapter 2 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 Optic canal duplication is a rare condition that affects both sexes, people of all ages, and people of different races. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of optic canal duplication and to investigate its clinical and developmental implications. Methods: For the study, 100 dry human skulls of both sexes and ages were used. These skulls were examined grossly and morphologically to determine if the optic canals were duplicated. Additional optic canals were discovered in three skulls (3 percent cases). Only two (2%) of the cases (2%) had bilateral duplication, while one (1%) had unilateral duplication. The larger main canal was in its usual position, directed posteromedially upwards, and joined the anterolateral end of Sulcus chiasmaticus. In the lesser wing of the sphenoid, the smaller or duplicated canal was inferolateral to the main canal. Bony septa separated the main and accessory canals. Conclusion: Understanding additional optic canals is critical when performing surgical exploration of optic canals during tumor removal, decompression of optic canals, or surgical access to the cavernous sinus or Sella turcica.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Gyanaranjan Nayak,
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, SOA University, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, India.

Biswa Bhusan Mohanty
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, SOA University, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, India.

Saurjya Ranjan Das
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, SOA University, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, India.

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Investigating the Possible Cardio-Protective Effects of Telmisartan against 5-Fluorouracil- Induced Cadiotoxicity in Wister Rats | Chapter 1 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 The purpose of this study was to look into the protective effects of telmisartan against 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity in Wister rats. Methods: Thirty-six Wister rats were divided into six groups at random: I, a negative control who received normal saline (2 ml/kg) orally for 30 days; II, a positive control who received normal saline (2 ml/kg/day) orally for 25 days and then received 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) (20 mg in 2 ml normal saline per kg body weight) once daily by intraperitoneal injection in conjunction with normal saline. saline for 5 days; I and, receiving telmisartan (5mg and 10mg/kg/day) for 30 consecutive days; and, receiving telmisartan (5mg and 10mg/kg/day) orally for 25 days, and then receiving 5-FU (20 mg in 2ml normal saline per kg body weight) once daily by intraperitoneal injection in association with normal saline for 5 days. Telmisartan prophylactic treatment significantly reduces serum cardiac troponin T, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine levels. Elevated aminotransferase (ALT) due to 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that telmisartan may be a useful modulator in the prevention of 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity.

Author (S) Details

Alaa Radhi Khudhair
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Intesar T. Numan
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

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Determining the Effect of Flow Variations to Vibration Tendency in a Hydraulic Manifold | Chapter 12 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 4

 A hydraulic manifold is an important component in hydraulic machinery that transports high-pressure hydraulic oil into hydraulic tubes and hoses for cleaning. Because of the high pressure used during operation, this process causes vibration and the possibility of leakage at the hydraulic manifold's exit ports. The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of pressure and velocity variations in a hydraulic manifold on vibration tendency. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used in this study to simulate the hydraulic manifold fluid behaviors. under the operating conditions of the industry The results show that pressure and velocity fluctuations occur at each branch of a mainstream due to changes in area and geometrical shape. At each branch, there was a surge of pressure but a decrease in velocity. Overall, the results show that the areas closest to the inlet are the most affected. The increments have little effect on areas further downstream. According to our calculations, the vibration tendency occurs in the hydraulic manifold cavity due to differential pressure and velocity, negative pressure, low velocity, swirl flow, and back stream.

Author(s) Details

Norazhar Ali
School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.

Kahar Osman
School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.

Fazila Mohd Zawawi
School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.

Muhammad Noor Afiq Witri Muhammad Yazid
School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.

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Determination of an Efficient Method to Solve the Guarini Puzzle Generalization Using Bipartite Graph | Chapter 11 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 4

In this study, an interactive software implemented in the C# oriented object programming language and running on the Net Framework platform is presented, allowing for the efficient solution of a puzzle obtained through the use of Guarini puzzle generalisation. This entails considering six knights on a three-dimensional chessboard. Three of the knights are white and are on the first line of the chessboard, while the remaining three are black and are on the last line. The goal of this puzzle is to move the knights as quickly as possible so that all of the black knights are on the first line and all of the white knights are on the last. This problem falls into the category of problems that can be quickly solved using graph theory, a branch of discrete mathematics. The interactive software is modeled using specific UML diagrams that represent the stages of analysis, design, and implementation, allowing the system to be described in a clear and practical manner. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a well-known and well-understood platform for software design, serving as the ideal visual language for communicating detailed information about the architecture to the greatest number of users.

Author (S) Details

Anca-Elena Iordan
Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

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Study on Nuclear Power Program in Indonesia: Status Updates of Problems and Challenges | Chapter 10 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 4

 Although the nuclear disaster at Fukushima Daiichi NPP in 2011 is still fresh in our minds and has left a portion of the world's population traumatized, many countries have already resumed their nuclear power programs. This is due to the fact that for some countries, NPP plays critical and strategic roles in meeting electricity demand as well as strengthening the country's bargaining position. Aside from the 16 countries that are currently building nuclear power plants, there are approximately 50 emerging countries, with 30 countries considering, planning, and starting nuclear power programs, and the remaining 20 countries having an interest in nuclear power plants at some point. They undoubtedly have a different level of success in program implementation as well as a different level of problem complexity. Some countries can run their nuclear programs smoothly because they have adequate resources and stakeholder support, but others cannot. Indonesia is one of the countries dealing with difficulties and challenges in implementing their nuclear program. The current study aims to analyze the problems and challenges that Indonesia has faced in dealing with its nuclear power program, and to identify lessons that can be learned. This paper thus provides the analysis' results and updates the status of Indonesia's problems and challenges, which may be beneficial.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Khoirul Huda
Indonesian Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN), Jl. Gajah Mada 8 Jakarta 10120, Indonesia.

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Assessment of Contact Pressure on the Road Pavement Created by Modern Vehicles | Chapter 9 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 4

 When transporting goods by modern means of transportation, the paper investigates the possibility of changing the current limits on vehicle axle loads and total vehicle weight depending on the vehicle type and season. Because of the inefficient use of modern heavy trucks in the transportation of goods, construction companies are forced to violate transportation regulations or obtain special permits. The maximum permissible weight and axle load limits are set for the entire calendar year, which is incorrect because the road structure freezes and becomes a "monolith" in the winter. This implies that the seasonal characteristics of the road structure must be considered when imposing the maximum limits imposed by federal legislation. The pressure generated in the plane of the wheel impression on the road pavement surface is an important factor in the destructive effect on the road pavement, not the vehicle's load and weight. This paper describes the steps taken during an experiment to assess the contact pressure of modern vehicles on the pavement structure in order to compare the actual data with the normative data. For the permanent road pavement type, experimental data for contact pressure evaluation revealed results that did not exceed the standard value of 0.8 MPa.

Author (s) Details

D. P. Luchinsky
"Mostostroy-11", JSC, Kuznetsova 15, City of Tyumen, Russia.

S. P. Sannikov
Department of Roads and Aerodromes, Construction Institute, Industrial University of Tyumen, Volodarskogo str.38, Tyumen, 625001, Russian Federation.

V. D. Timokhovets
Department of Roads and Aerodromes, Construction Institute, Industrial University of Tyumen, Volodarskogo str.38, Tyumen, 625001, Russian Federation.

A. V. Marmur
Construction Institute, Industrial University of Tyumen, Volodarskogo str.38, Tyumen, 625001, Russian Federation.

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A Descriptive Study of the Hardness and Microstructure Profiles of SKD61 Steel Plunger Tip (Local Material) after Plasma Nitriding | Chapter 8 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 4

 After Plasma Nitriding, the hardness and microstructure profiles of SKD61 Steel Plunger Tip (local material) were investigated. A plunger tip can be hardened through surface treatment using a plasma/ion nitriding technique to improve SKD61 quality for high temperature use. The nitriding temperature was varied from 350oC to 550oC with 50oC steps for the nitriding process completed for 10 hours to test the success of the surface treatment. The results show that the optimum surface hardness was obtained when the nitriding temperature was 500oC and the Vickers hardness (HV) was 955.29 HV with a depth of up to 100 m from the specimen's surface. At such a nitriding temperature, the hardness increased 1.79 times when compared to the hardness after hardening alone, and it increased 2.076 times when compared to the initial hardness. According to the study's findings, plasma nitriding temperature influences the amount of nitrogen concentration diffused into the substrate material. SEM-EDS metallographic observations show that the nitriding temperature affects the concentration and depth of nitrogen diffusion in the SKD61 material. The nitride layer that formed could have been composed of Fe N, Cr2N, VN, Fe, and Fe.

Author(s) Details

Prof. Dr. Rer Nat. Usman Sudjadi
Center for Nuclear Fuel Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia.

R. V. Sinaga
Center for Nuclear Fuel Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia.

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