Assessment and Commissioning of Electrical Substation Grid Testbed with a Real-Time Simulator and Protective Relays/Power Meters in the Loop | Chapter 5| Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 10

Electrical utility substations are wired with intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), such as protective relays, power meters, and communication switches. Substation engineers commission these IEDs to assess the appropriate measurements for monitoring, control, power system protection, and communication applications. Like real electrical utility substations, complex electrical substation grid testbeds (ESGTs) need to be assessed for measuring current and voltage signals in monitoring, power system protection, control (synchro check), and communication applications that are limited by small-measurement percentage errors. In the process of setting an ESGT with real-time simulators and IEDs in the loop, protective relays, power meters, and communication devices must be commissioned before running experiments. In this study, an ESGT with IEDs and distributed ledger technology was developed. The ESGT with a real-time simulator and IEDs in the loop was satisfactorily assessed and commissioned. The commissioning and problem-solving tasks of the testbed are described to define a method with flowcharts to assess possible troubleshooting in ESGTs. This method was based on comparing the simulations versus IED measurements for the phase current and voltage magnitudes, three-phase phasor diagrams, breaker states, protective relay times with selectivity coordination at electrical faults, communication data points, and time-stamp sources.

 

Author (s) Details

Emilio C. Piesciorovsky
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

 

Raymond Borges Hink
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

 

Aaron Werth
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Cyber Resilience and Intelligence Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

 

Gary Hahn

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

 

Annabelle Lee
Nevermore Security LLC, 31256 Stone Canyon Rd, Evergreen, CO 80439, USA.

 

Yarom Polsky
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Manufacturing Science Division, One Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v10/5201

Electrical Fault and Power Quality Detection Algorithms and Customer-Owned DERs Monitoring with a Cyber Grid Guard System and DLT | Chapter 4 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 9

 In this study, the electrical fault and power quality detection algorithms and customer-owned DERs monitoring use cases were implemented, with a Cyber Grid Guard system and DLT. Electrical utilities continue to deploy more intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) inside and outside electrical substations, and are associated with customer-owned distributed energy resources (DERs). Data from these IEDs, such as power meters and protection relays, must be kept confidential and of high integrity. Blockchain technology has the potential to increase microgrid resilience by enhancing data sharing security. The growing use of IEDs and customer-owned renewable energy sources (DERs) may make it necessary to connect Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) with power system applications. We implemented the electrical faulted phase detection and power quality monitoring algorithms with a Cyber Grid Guard (CGG) system using DLT. In addition, the DERs (wind turbine farms) use case and protective relay cyber-event tests were assessed, by using the CGG system with DLT. In the experimental model, the testbed was created by using a real-time simulator and CGG system with power meters/ protective relays in the loop. The data collected from the CGG system and IEDs were compared with the same time stamp source. These results showed the successful assessment of protection, control and monitoring applications using a CGG system with DLT. In the future, power system applications for the ESGT with DERs and the CGG system will be based on executing smart contracts between electrical utilities and customer-owned DERs.

Author(s) Details:

Emilio C. Piesciorovsky,
Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

Gary Hahn
Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.


Raymond Borges Hink
Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

Aaron Werth

Cyber Resilience and Intelligence Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

Annabelle Lee
Nevermore Security LLC, 31256 Stone Canyon Rd, Evergreen, CO 80439, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/STRUFP-V1/article/view/14326

Surveying Power Substation Designs: A Critical Analysis of Existing Literature | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Perspective on Science, Technology and Research Vol. 9

Power substations are essential installations of electrical power systems, responsible for directing the flow of energy, diversifying routes, modifying voltage to make it suitable for different applications. Present at the beginning and end of transmission and distribution lines, substations play a fundamental role in the reliable and efficient operation of the electrical system, allowing the transmission of electricity over long distances and its distribution to end consumers. The growing demand for electricity and consequently the expansion of the electrical system has contributed to the increase in these installations and consequently studies in the area. This work presents a literature review, based on the bibliometric analysis method, of the researches developed in the area of substation arrangement. The objective of the work is to present the state of the art related to the subject of electrical energy substation arrangement, indicating the most relevant publications on the topic. For this study, academic productions from undergraduate and graduate courses, journal articles and publications in conferences on the Scopus and Capes Periodicals platforms were considered due to their scope, organization of data and relevance. After analyzing the articles presented, it appears that, despite being of great importance for the electrical sector, the subject is not frequently discussed in the literature. Regarding the countries that have published the most in the last 5 years about the arrangement of substations, China stands out, which is in first place with 14 publications. Brazil occupies the sixth position in related productions on the subject.

Author(s) Details:

Paulo Roberto Duailibe Monteiro,
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil.

Jullia Mercedes Miranda,
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil.

Thiago Trezza Borges,
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPSTR-V9/article/view/14168

Optimal R-SFCL Location in Power Grid | Chapter 4 | Techniques and Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 9

 Increased demand of capacity generation ability in distributed energetic power wholes has led to an increase in fault current levels surpassing the maximum  designed avoid ratings of the switchgear. In addition an unbalance in service level is also noticed during blame owing to the unification of AC and DC micro grids consisting of wind and photovoltaic farms. Resistive type Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (R-SFCL) maybe the best answer to suppress the overdone fault current questions and also to decrease voltage imbalance by improving the rise rate of the temporary recovery voltage in Smart grids. However, new concern in such uses is about the optimum locale of R-SFCL. In this work, we have modeled a HTS located R-SFCL using E-J traits of the superconductor and implemented it at differing key locations in a smart gridiron. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) of MATLAB is developed to evaluate the influence of the proposed system on an IEEE benchmarked four-machine two-district test system. Three chapter faults of various ratings are studied accompanying and without SFCL at various indispensable content of the smart grid, listening the power flows. Such studies on best location of SFCL are main to maximize the influence of fault alleviation in an extended network of Power Grid.

Author(s) Details:

Abhay Singh Gour,
Cryogenic Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAIER-V9/article/view/9986

Assessment of Local Power Grid Expansion | Chapter 2 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 5

 In terms of technology, the electric power system is made up of many components that are integrated into each section of the system. This system is an integrated service that generates and distributes energy such that energy customers can utilise it reliably and safely while staying within operating performance limits. As a result, the power system structure is made up of several basic components, including a generator unit that generates electric power, a transmission line that transmits the generated electricity, and a distribution line that distributes power to customers with various types of loads. The electric power system now has a lot of complex equipment and many innovative technologies being implemented. Many traditional power systems have recently been replaced by contemporary power systems. In addition, the power system grows increasingly complicated, necessitating greater control and monitoring. Furthermore, as the number of applicable technologies has increased and demand has increased, the power system structure has evolved into a huge and sophisticated network that incorporates many new and old systems into the main link. On the other hand, many local systems have been extended into contemporary power systems in response to these advancements in order to increase reliability and quality while transporting energy from the generator site to load areas. Furthermore, the generation system continues to evolve with many different types of primary energy being utilised, the transmission and distribution systems continue to expand to meet the load in transferring and distributing electric power, and load demand continues to grow with various sorts of energy services being required. However, the power system must be able to maintain an adequate power balance in order to run safely and reliably in situations where demand growth is expected. Furthermore, while renewable energy sources can reduce pollutants and boost green potential energy sources, the presence of renewable energy sources can suppress existing power generation from the clean energy side. This study examines the functioning of a power system based on the topological development of a local interconnection system and a captive power plant to address this issue. Local interconnection is also being developed in order to improve the reliability, stability, and adequacy of electric power in fulfilling load demands. When a solar power plant is erected and power lines are modified, this study is used to evaluate the performance of an extended local power system. To determine the performance of the extended structure, the operation assessment was approached utilising a power flow study (PFS) in this work. The Takagi technique (TM) and Thunderstorm Algorithm (TA) for a hybrid structure of the PFS by considering the integrated renewable energy source also help in the recovery process (IRES). The results reveal that different scenarios are carried out in varied performances and have distinct ramifications based on technological scenarios. The hybrid PFS structure can be treated using TM and TA. Furthermore, this research is being utilised to assess the effectiveness of a local power grid that has been increased by the inclusion of solar power plants located where the sun has the most potential for radiation energy. Where the captive power plant helps to cover the load, IRES has had an impact on system performance. To estimate the performance of the expanded structure under operational limitations and environmental requirements, the initial operating circumstances of the system are simulated using a PFS. The TM, which is integrated into the power flow analysis pattern, facilitates the method for obtaining operating points in particular. Furthermore, this work incorporates intelligent computation, which is reflected in the form of an evolutionary algorithm known as TA, which is utilised to improve the hybrid power flow analysis structure by taking into account renewable energy sources integrated into the power system. The results reveal that the varied scenarios employed produce varying results and operating circumstances, based on technological considerations. This research also offers varied implications for system performance based on renewable energy adoption. Captive power improves system performance and can help to balance the power supply. In addition, the method and algorithm utilised can be used to evaluate a hybrid power structure that includes both a traditional supply grid and solar cell centres.

Author(s) Details

A. N. Afandi
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Jatim, Indonesia and Smart Power and Advanced Energy Systems (SPAES) Research Center, Batu, Jatim, Indonesia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V5/article/view/982