\(Gd^{3+}\) / \(Sm^{3+}\) Co-doped Lead Alumino-borophosphate Glasses: Synthesis and Characterization | Chapter 5 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 4

 

A series of multicomponent (Lead, Sodium, Aluminum and Zinc) Borophosphate glasses doped with Sm3+ and Gd3+ ions with molar composition xPbO - (40-0.5x)B2O3 - (40-0.5x)P2O5 - 9.0Na2O - 1.0Al2O3 - 9.6ZnO - 0.2Sm2O3 - 0.2Gd2O3 (x = 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35) was synthesized using the conventional melt quenching technique. The amorphous nature of these glasses was confirmed with XRD studies. The density measurement was done by using Archimedes' principle with the help of a KEROY mechanical balance. The density measurements show a regular and systematic increase in density from 3.6008 g/cm3 to 4.6397 g/cm3 with an increase in PbO content in exchange for the two glass formers. The optical absorption spectra of these glasses were recorded by using a UV/visible spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan) in the wavelength range of 200–1100 nm at normal incidence. The values of Eg for the glass samples of the series decrease with an increase in PbO content. The synthesised samples may find applications for energy converters, X-ray dosimeters, and radiation shielders/sensors.

 

Author (s) Details

Randev Singh
Department of Physics, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, Sri Anandpur Sahib, Punjab, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v4/5726

The 3-sphere Instead of Hilbert Space: A Recent Study | Chapter 1 | Research Highlights in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 6

 The Geometric Algebra etiquette allows for the growth of a theory to replace unoriginal quantum mechanics. Generalizations developing from the replacement of complex numbers with geometrically doable three-dimensional objects, trailed by unambiguous definitions of states, observables, and calculations, bring into reality clear reasons of strange quantity mechanical physiognomy, such as primitively seeing atoms as a type of solar system. The three-circle s3 is transformed into a playground for confusion kind states that do not require abstract Hilbert room vectors.  The  points s3 develop, governed by updated Schrodinger equating, and act in measurements on apparent as operators.

Author(s) Details:

Alexander Soiguine,
Quantum Computing, CA, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHMCS-V6/article/view/9676

A Conceptual and Methodological Review on the Definitions and Measurement of Social Exclusion | Chapter 7 | New Horizons in Education and Social Studies Vol. 8

 In order to characterize the living conditions of people, poverty and inequality have long been the dominant definitions and continue to represent significant challenges in Danish society, even though the risk of poverty in Denmark is low compared to other European countries. From a historical perspective, for many decades after WW2, poverty in Denmark has almost been a forgotten word in the language of politicians and scientists, but social exclusion, as a "new" concept, has in several ways drawn attention away from poverty during the 1990s. The paper poses the issue of what social exclusion, as a concept, can lead to and how it varies from other core concepts, such as poverty and social capital. The overall purpose of the article is to provide a wide-ranging summary of a variety of important scientific concepts. In addition, selected quantitative and qualitative research on social exclusion are included, with a view to problematizing the lack of empirical studies on social exclusion using direct social exclusion measures. All too often, this poses concerns about the degree to which social exclusion or other similar concepts in different academic studies are "measured". In order to move forward with social exclusion as a term, we have certainly acquired a new direction, but with a different emphasis, because current concepts are still broad enough to include non-material aspects. They are also complex (longitudinal) and already open to factors other than low-income social vulnerability. In the debate on "measurement" of social exclusion, mental health is used as a crucial case to point out flaws in current research studies and to add depth to the discussion of evidence from qualitative studies on causal mechanisms behind social exclusion.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Carsten Kronborg Bak

University College of Southern Denmark, Haderslev, Denmark.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/nhess/issue/view/9

An Experimental and Numerical Study of Turbulent Bubbly Flow and Heat Transfer in a Vertical Pipe with Sudden Expansion

 The flow patterns and heat transfer are tested experimentally and numerically in a bubbly flow downstream of a sudden pipe expansion. Using shadow photography, measurements of the bubble size were carried out. Using a PIV system, fluid phase velocities were measured. The Eulerian method was employed by the numerical model. The set of RANS equations was used for the simulation of bubbly twophase flows. Using the Reynolds stress model, the turbulence of the carrier liquid phase was expected. A substantial increase (up to 30 percent) is achieved in wall friction in the bubbly flow downstream of the suddenly expanding pipe. In bubbly flow, the average and fluctuating flow structures with small values of β ≤ 10 percent are close to that of a one-phase fluid flow. In the shear layer, the peak of axial and radial variations of the carrier fluid (liquid) velocity are observed in the bubbly flow. A large improvement in the heat transfer rate (up to 300 percent) resulted from the addition of air bubbles. After the point of flow re-attachment, the main increase in heat transfer is observed. After the point of flow re-attachment, the main increase in heat transfer is observed. In general, the distributions of the Nusselt number in the bubbly flow have a qualitatively similar character to that of turbulent separated flows for single-phase fluid.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Pavel Lobanov
Laboratory of Problems of Heat and Mass Transfer, Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Acad. Lavrent'ev Avenue, 1, Russia.Rudolf Rüffer ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.

Maksim Pakhomov
Laboratory of Thermal and Gas Dynamics, Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Acad. Lavrent'ev Avenue 1, Russia.

Viktor Terekhov
Laboratory of Thermal and Gas Dynamics, Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Acad. Lavrent'ev Avenue 1, Russia.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/319