Superior Sagittal Sinus: Normal and Varied Anatomy and Associated Clinical Implications |Chapter 13 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 7

 

The superior sagittal sinus is the largest venous sinus enclosed in two layers of the dura mater and situated in the midline in the groove in the parietal bone. The superior sagittal sinus drains blood from the cerebral hemisphere of the brain. It begins at the foramen cecum anteriorly and ends at the confluence of sinuses posteriorly. The superior sagittal sinus is divided into three types, namely, the anterior part extending from the foramen cecum to bregma, the middle part extending from bregma to lambda and the posterior part spanning from lambda to confluence of venous sinuses.

 

The anatomical variations of the superior sagittal sinus are common and may involve any of the three parts mentioned, but most commonly involve the cranial part of the superior sagittal sinus. Various variations observed in the cranial part of the superior sagittal sinus include hypoplasia, which may be unilateral or complete and duplication. These variations are important for neurologists and radiologists as they may be mistaken for venous sinus thrombosis, leading to misdiagnosis and mismanagement. The chapter throws light on the normal configurations, variations in its configuration, embryological aspect along with the repercussions of the varied configuration of the superior sagittal sinus. Knowledge of the anatomical variations of the dural venous sinuses is clinically significant during neurosurgical procedures involving the cranial cavity. For surgical resection of the petroclival meningiomas, the information regarding the patterns of drainage of the confluence of sinuses is of paramount importance. Lack of awareness of the detailed anatomy of the dural venous sinuses may lead to misinterpretation of radiographs of the posterior cranial fossa and subsequent mismanagement. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of the anatomical variations of the superior sagittal sinus is essential for accurate radiological interpretation and safe neurosurgical intervention.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Rajani Singh
Department of Anatomy, Graphic Era of Medical Sciences, Dhulkot 248007, Dehradun, UK, India.

 

K. C. Thakur
Department of Anatomy, Graphic Era of Medical Sciences, Dhulkot 248007, Dehradun, UK, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v7/7312

Poland Syndrome: Its Prevalence and Associated Implications | Chapter 2 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

 Poland syndrome is a musculoskeletal birth condition with varying appearance, according to literature review. It typically manifests as partial or complete absence of pectoral muscles, breast abnormalities, and anomalies of the upper limbs. The range of limb abnormalities includes syndactyly and phocomelia. Although family cases of the Poland syndrome with intrafamilial incidence have also been noted, the disorder is widely distributed in the population. Many theories have been proposed regarding etiopathogenesis, however the vascular disruption theory is the most widely recognised one. In addition to the conventional presentation, syndactyly, phocomelia, a faulty rib, and severe thoracic wall abnormalities that limit lung function can coexist with the Poland syndrome. Symptoms may be modest at birth and into childhood, necessitating no surgical intervention. Only when symptoms are severe, such as when significant chest abnormalities are limiting pulmonary functioning, should surgery be considered. The chapter's objective is to compile information on Poland syndrome's etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic needs.

Author(s) Details:

Rajani Singh,
Department of Anatomy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai Etawah, UP, India.

Kavita Gupta,
Department of Anatomy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai Etawah, UP, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V3/article/view/7890

A Brief Study about Dyke Davidoff Masson Syndrome: Rare Cause of Cerebral Hemiatrophy | Chapter 08 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (DDMS) is a rare disorder characterised radiologically by cerebral hemiatrophy with homolateral hypertrophy of the skull and sinuses, of unknown frequency, caused by brain injury from a variety of causes, particularly in childhood. Seizures, learning difficulties, contralateral hemiparesis, and facial symmetry are common early symptoms. A case of an 11-month-old female kid with developmental delay, visual abnormalities, microcephaly, and spastic hemiplegia is presented here. A CT-brain scan was performed, which revealed evidence of infantile cerebral hemiatrophy or DDMS. DDMS is produced by an insult to the developing brain, either in utero when calvarium maturation has not been completed, or during early childhood due to brain damage.

Author(S) Details

Amit Vatkar
Department of Paediatrics, DY Patil University, School of medicine, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Ipsita Vashishtha
Department of Paediatrics, DY Patil University, School of medicine, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Vinaykumar P. Hedaginal
Department of Paediatrics, DY Patil University, School of medicine, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

B. Revanth Sai Madhav
Department of Paediatrics, DY Patil University, School of medicine, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V2/article/view/6128

A Closer Look at the Vertebral Arteries | Chapter 1 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 Cerebral aneurysms and posterior circulation strokes are also serious and potentially fatal diseases caused by abnormal or variant vertebral arteries. Furthermore, occlusion of the subclavian artery induces antegrade and retrograde flow (subclavian steal syndrome). The first two diseases are caused by abnormalities of the vertebral artery, while the third disease, subclavian steal syndrome, is caused by occulsion of the subclavian artery. As a result, when conducting diagnostic and interventional angiography for cardiac, cardiothoracic, head, neck, and anterior cervical surgery, a detailed understanding of vertebral artery abnormalities is important. As a result, this chapter discusses the various types of vertebral arteries and their configurations.

The vertebral arteries are one of the main arteries that irrigate the brain, especially the spinal cord, medulla, and a portion of the cerebellum. On either side of the spine, there are two vertebral arteries. At the root of the neck, each vertebral artery sprouts from the postero-superior aspect of the first part of the bilateral subclavian artery. These have a long path and meet up with their counterpart at the lower border of the pons to form basilar artery in the cranial cavity. Their classes are broken down into four parts. Extracranial segments are the first three, and intracranial segments are the last. Aside from the subclavian artery, left vertebral arteries have been reported to arise from the aortic arch between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery or lateral to it, as well as from a common trunk formed by the left subclavian and left vertebral arteries, but the right vertebral artery has been reported to arise from the thyrocervical trunk, the brachiocephalic trunk, the common Agenesis, hypoplasia, stenosis, and asymmetry of these arteries can occur in addition to these variations. In addition to iatrogenic complications, agenesis, hypoplasia, asymmetry, and stenosis of the vertebral arteries may cause cerebral aneurysm and posterior circulation stroke. As a result, understanding the vertebral artery is critical in avoiding misdiagnosis and mismanagement of diseases affecting the vertebral arteries.

The aim of this chapter is to provide a clear picture of normal vertebral arteries, as well as descriptions of variations and irregularities, in order to diagnose these diseases using imaging (ultrasound, angiography, or MRI) in conjunction with signs and symptoms. This chapter vividly describes the common and variant anatomy of vertebral arteries.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Rajani Singh
Department of Anatomy, UPUMS Saifai, Etawah 206130, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V6/article/view/622