Basics of Infertility | Book Publisher International

Infertility is a global health problem and is often neglected. The incidence of infertility is rising because of late marriages, job problems and lifestyle diseases.

It is defined as the inability to become pregnant after one year of unprotected intercourse. It can be primary, secondary or unexplained.

Infertility can be due to male factors, female factors or combined. In females, there can be PCOS, Endometriosis, Pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine anomalies, and ovarian failure. In males, it can be azoospermia and oligaestenia. The baseline investigations include semen analysis, hormone profile (LH, FSH, TSH, PROLACTIN, AMH) and follicular scan. Hysterosalpingography is done for the tubal patency test. Hysteroscopy and laparoscopy are done for tubal patency and uterine anomalies.

The management of infertility ranges from simple counseling to advanced techniques like invitro fertilization and ICSI. The treatment should be individualized for every patient.

Treatment of infertility is costly and financial aspects should be informed to patients in a very transparent manner. The medical aspect of infertility treatment is very important because it involves the human embryo.

Informed written consent and preferably video consent should be taken. The consent form should be signed by both partners and also witness.

The infertile couple waste lots of money and time in treatment. So proper time referral to an infertility centre is very important. 

Author (s) Details

Milad MohammedzadehAsl
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, India.

 

Anjali Rani
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, India.

 

Nisha Rani Agarwal
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-79-7

A Cross-Sectional Study on Organochlorine Pesticides: The Culprit Behind Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin | Chapter 1 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 4

Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown-etiology (CKDu) has emerged in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa over the last few years. The prevalence of CKDu is approximately 10% worldwide and 16.4% in the Indian subcontinent. This study focuses on investigating the link between organochlorine pesticides and chronic kidney disease of unknown origin, which is a growing health concern in agricultural communities across the world. CKDu is not attributed to diabetes, hypertension or other known causes of CKD. It affects younger individuals and is usually asymptomatic till advanced stages. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are one of the proposed etiologies of CKDu. The present study was done to evaluate the serum level of certain commonly encountered OCPs (α -HCH, β-HCH, g-HCH, total HCH, Aldrin, Dieldrin, (α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, p, p’-DDT, p, p’-DDE) and total pesticide load (TPL) in patients with CKDu in comparison to patients with CKD of known etiology (CKDk) and to assess their correlation, if any. It was a case-control, cross-sectional study conducted in East Delhi. Subjects within the age group 18-60 years were enrolled under 3 groups: Group I: Healthy controls (n=30), Group II: Patients with CKDu (n=30), and Group III: Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease of Known-etiology CKDk (n=30). Detailed history, physical examination and routine investigations were done. OCP levels were estimated in all subjects by high-performance liquid chromatography. The association of the estimated Glomerular filtration rate with OCP levels was obtained by calculating the coefficient of correlation. CKDu had a predilection for the younger age group. Females tend to have a higher concentration of most OCPs. The median serum levels of all OCPs were found higher in patients of CKDu in comparison to other groups. The difference was statistically significant for α -HCH, β-HCH, total HCH, α-endosulfan, p, p’-DDE and TPL. A higher fraction of CKDu patients presented in stage V CKD (66.34%). The presence of higher serum levels of OCP in patients with CKDu in comparison to CKDk at their corresponding CKD stages indicates their possible role in the etiopathogenesis of CKDu.

Author(s) Details:

C. Gothwaal,
Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

O. P. Kalra,
Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

S. Agarwal,
Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

A. Raizada,
Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V4/article/view/13171

Poland Syndrome: Its Prevalence and Associated Implications | Chapter 2 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

 Poland syndrome is a musculoskeletal birth condition with varying appearance, according to literature review. It typically manifests as partial or complete absence of pectoral muscles, breast abnormalities, and anomalies of the upper limbs. The range of limb abnormalities includes syndactyly and phocomelia. Although family cases of the Poland syndrome with intrafamilial incidence have also been noted, the disorder is widely distributed in the population. Many theories have been proposed regarding etiopathogenesis, however the vascular disruption theory is the most widely recognised one. In addition to the conventional presentation, syndactyly, phocomelia, a faulty rib, and severe thoracic wall abnormalities that limit lung function can coexist with the Poland syndrome. Symptoms may be modest at birth and into childhood, necessitating no surgical intervention. Only when symptoms are severe, such as when significant chest abnormalities are limiting pulmonary functioning, should surgery be considered. The chapter's objective is to compile information on Poland syndrome's etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic needs.

Author(s) Details:

Rajani Singh,
Department of Anatomy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai Etawah, UP, India.

Kavita Gupta,
Department of Anatomy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai Etawah, UP, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V3/article/view/7890