Synthesis and Sensing Behavior of Pure and Doped BaTiO₃ | Chapter 3 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 1

Barium titanate (BaTiO₃) is a widely studied perovskite material with exceptional ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties, making it highly suitable for sensing applications. Its perovskite structure enables spontaneous polarization, tunable bandgap, and high dielectric permittivity. Doping BaTiO₃ with transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni) and rare-earth elements (La, Sc, Gd) significantly enhances its electrical properties, oxygen vacancy concentration, and stability, improving its gas, humidity, and temperature sensing capabilities. Various synthesis techniques, including solid-state reaction, sol-gel, hydrothermal, and co-precipitation methods, influence BaTiO₃’s structural and functional properties. Doping alters charge transport, defect chemistry, and adsorption characteristics, optimizing its sensing performance. Gas sensing in BaTiO₃ is governed by surface interactions, electron transfer mechanisms, and defect-induced conductivity changes. Its ability to detect CO₂, NH₃, and H₂ is enhanced by specific dopants that modulate electronic states and oxygen vacancy formation. Piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties enable BaTiO₃’s use in pressure sensors, energy harvesters, and actuators, where mechanical stress induces charge generation. Doping improves domain wall mobility and response time, increasing its sensitivity and reliability. Comparative analysis shows doped BaTiO₃ outperforms pure BaTiO₃ in selectivity, response time, and sensing efficiency.

 

Author (s) Details

Ganesh Malik
Nano Innovation Laboratory, School of IKST, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, Odisha, India.

 

Tanushree Das
Nano Innovation Laboratory, School of IKST, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, Odisha, India.

 

Yasobanta Das
Department of Chemistry, School of IKST, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, Odisha, India.

 

Srinibas Panda
Department of Physics, School of IKST, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, Odisha, India.

 

Bikram Keshari Das
Nano Innovation Laboratory, School of IKST, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, Odisha, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v1/4299

Multifunctional Composites in the B4C-ZrB2-TiB2 System for Armor Plates, Turbine Blades and Blades, High-Temperature and Wear-Resistant for Nodes | Chapter 3 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 8

Resume: Goal -. The task was to study the phase composition of received consolidated materials in the TiC-TiB₂-ZrB₂ system. The powders were pressed by hot pressing method in a vacuum 10^-3Pa at 2150˚C - 2200˚C temperature and 20 - 25 MPa pressure, pressing duration at final temperature was 5 - 8 min. Experimental works have been conducted the objective of which was to improve mechanical properties of boron carbide by introduction of doping elements into the system. Titanium and Zirconium were selected as doping elements, which were introduced into the system in the form of TiB₂ and ZrB₂. Four types of boron carbide-titanium and zirconium mixtures with various titanium and zirconium diboride content were used in experiments. Optimal process parameters, as well as doping elements concentration, necessary to provide the required high mechanical parameters in the composite were defined.

Methods: To study the phase composition of the composites, an X-ray structural analysis was conducted on the DRON-3 device. To study the microstructure, research was conducted on an optical microscope -AC100 and a raster electron microscope “Nanolab 7” of the company "OPTON”.

Results: In the B₄C-TiB₂ and B₄C-ZrB₂ systems, nanocomposites with high mechanical properties were obtained. The advantage of this method is that compounds, which are newly formed thanks to interaction going on at thermal treatment: TiB₂ and ZrB₂ are active, which contributes to B₄C-TiB₂ and B₄C-ZrB₂ formation at temperature, 21500C. It is evident that inculcation of TiB₂ in the crystal skeleton of B₄C is easier since at this temperature interval crystal skeleton of B₄C TiB₂ and B₄C-ZrB₂ is still in the process of formation.

Conclusion: The phase composition of the obtained composite provides high physical-technical and performance properties of these composites. Compression strength-2182 MPa, Bending strength-298 MPa, Thermal expansion coefficient a_20-700-3.6 10^{-6 0}C.

Author (s) Details

 

Z. D. Kovziridze
Institute of Bionanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 0175 Tbilisi, Str. Kostava 77, Georgia.

 

Z. Mestvirishvili
Institute of Bionanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 0175 Tbilisi, Str. Kostava 77, Georgia.

 

G. Tabatadze
Institute of Bionanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 0175 Tbilisi, Str. Kostava 77, Georgia.

 

N. S. Nizharadze
Institute of Bionanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 0175 Tbilisi, Str. Kostava 77, Georgia.

M. Mshvildadze
Institute of Bionanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 0175 Tbilisi, Str. Kostava 77, Georgia.

M. Balakhashvili
Institute of Bionanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 0175 Tbilisi, Str. Kostava 77, Georgia.

 

E. Nikoleishvili
Institute of Bionanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 0175 Tbilisi, Str. Kostava 77, Georgia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v8/2951

Impact of Doping on the Reactivity of Photochromic Polymers Containing Styrylquinoline Fragments: Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory Study | Chapter 11 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 8

 The main objective concerning this chapter search out perform Hartree-Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to examined the effect of potassium doping on optoelectronic, photoelectric, linear and nonlinear ocular properties of methacrylate monomers containing styrylquinoline moieties. Conducting polymers are an exhilarating class of organic photoelectric materials, which have appealed to an increasing interest in the fields of bioelectronics and their biomedical uses. Their unique looks such as mixed concerning ancient culture-electronic generated power, good biocompatibility, as well as machinelike softness make ruling class favored bidders for an effective passage between the worlds of electronics and any branch of natural science. HF and DFT were used in this place research work to investigate the impact of doping on the fundamental, thermodynamic, optoelectronic, electronic and nonlinear ocular properties of the citation monomers M1 and M2. Three doped monomers were investigated containing, the monomer M3 obtained from M1 by substituting the hydrogen (H) bit with a potassium mite, the monomer M4 by substituting two H atoms and the monomer M5 obtained from M2 by substituting the H atom. Results revealed that using potassium and the nitro group to lessen virgin styrylquinoline monomers' electrical characteristics is a excellent method.  Thermodynamic verdicts of doped monomers told thermodynamically stable materials accompanying significant responsiveness to stimuli that is appropriate for reactions with additional compounds. In fact, potassium doping decreases the enthalpy of drugged monomers and promotes their thermodynamic security. In fact, the energy gap decreases from 3.82 eV for M1 to 3.02 eV and to 2.92 eV for M3 and M4, individually; while the decrease from 3.43 eV for M2 to 2.52 eV for M5 was observed, accordingly demonstrating the good semiconductor character of the got compounds with appropriate applications in the produce of solar cells. In addition, potassium deadening is an appropriate method to embellish optoelectronic properties of styrylquinoline virgin monomers. Thus, the refractive index of drugged monomers is greater than that of glass, that is a reference in visual and can be secondhand under high electric fields of the order of 1.90´109 Vm-1 for monomer M4 until 7.01´109 Vm-1 for M3 and to 10.89´109 Vm-1 for M5. Finally, the strong augmentation of linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) possessions observed leads to the decision that these doped monomers grant permission be suitable candidates in maneuvers requiring good NLO possessions.

Author(s) Details:

P. Noudem,
Mechanic, Materials and complex structures Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

D. Fouejio,
Mechanic, Materials and complex structures Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

C. D. D. Mveme,
Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon.

S. S. Zekeng,
Mechanic, Materials and complex structures Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

J. B. Fankam Fankam,
Mechanic, Materials and complex structures Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V8/article/view/11547

Opening and Manipulating the Gap in Graphene | Chapter 2 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 1

 Graphene- the charming material of 20th century has fatigued a great amount of attention from scientists across different fields. Its two-spatial structure and unusual photoelectric band structure, extreme carrier mobility, extreme electrical and warm conductivity make it a perfect material for many uses in electronics, optoelectronics and sensors. But the omission of the energy gap forbids application of graphene in allure pristine form in switching ploys. A number of techniques have happened developed for opening and maneuvering band gap at the supposed Dirac point in graphene. This review summarizes the developments indifferent methods to present a band gap in graphene in detail.

Author(s) Details:

Pooja Rani,
Department of Physics, Multani Mal Modi College, Patiala-147001, India.

Kavita,
Department of Physics, Multani Mal Modi College, Patiala-147001, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V1/article/view/10378