X-Ray and Gamma Ray Spectrometers for Environmental Studies in Tanzania | Book Publisher International

 

The book titled, X-Ray and Gamma Ray Spectrometers for Environmental Studies in Tanzania is written with the aim of disseminating knowledge about the Gamma and x-rays, detectors, the measurements and the results of a research work done. These include Shell Fish in the vicinity of the port of Zanzibar, Vegetables and radionuclides of polluted air, all in Tanzania.

 

The X-ray analysis in its Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and Wavelength Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) techniques for investigations of different types of samples are described. Samples with radionuclides have been analysed by Gamma-ray Spectroscopy. The process in the radionuclides begins with the nucleus of an unstable atom losing energy by emitting radiation. The elements or isotopes that emit radiation and go through radioactivity are known as radioactive elements. There are many of these particles in the air, water and even food that we eat. The aim of chapter one is to highlight the procedures, methodologies and facilities that are used in the analysis of the coming chapters.

 

The report on the existence of a link between seafood and toxic heavy metals in human beings is given. The aim of this chapter is to assess the metal concentration of shellfish along the Sea Port of Zanzibar. The shellfish include; oysters, mussels, clams and crabs. They were collected at the Sea Port and the concentrations were determined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). In Zanzibar, the major source of food for a large number of populations comes from the sea like many coastal area residents. Concentrations range in clams, crabs and for Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and As were found. The concentrations of heavy metals in most different species of shellfish could be attributed to water from sewage, marine activities, paints and human activities from the ship.

 

Chapter three reports on the results of vegetables from Dar es Salaam are given using Wavelength Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF). The sample analyzer machine is equipped with an Rh anode tube with spot focus operating under vacuum conditions. The operating voltages vary from 20 kV to 60 kV with current from 50 mA to 5 mA. The characteristic x-rays from the sample were collimated before arriving at the analyzing crystal under a vacuum of 0.05 mB and detected using a proportional counter and NaI (Tl) x-ray detector biased at -1000V. The net peak is as of the characteristic lines was determined using a non-linear least square fitting procedure. The whole detection and crystal system was shielded by a 10 mm lead shield. Analysis time ranged between 20-50 seconds for each element and about 100 for the standard sample. Elements in the material range from C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, and Sr. The values obtained are within range of those published as essential as foodstuff.

 

Chapter four of this book focuses on the activity concentrations data of radionuclides 7Be and 212Pb. These are from the CTBTO radionuclides monitoring station located in Dar es Salaam where for the first time is measured and analyzed. In Tanzania, the data were used together with the meteorological one to investigate the mechanism that governs radionuclide concentration levels in the atmosphere. The two radionuclides of different origins showed different periodic patterns of atmospheric concentration for the past 11 years (2008 – 2018). No correlation was found between 7Be and 212Pb activity concentration. This suggests that the surface air concentration between 212Pb (was a terrestrial radionuclide) and 7Be (was cosmogenic radionuclide), was affected differently by local conditions of atmospheric processes. The mean values of both 7Be and 212Pb were higher in dry seasons and lower in rain seasons due to vertical mixing and greater deposition of radionuclides. It was also observed that, both 7Be and 212Pb decrease with the increase in rainfall and humidity.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Yusuf Ismail Ally Koleleni

Department of Physics, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35063, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Department of Physics, Muslim University of Morogoro, P. O. Box 1031, Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-974388-4-4/CH0

Formation and Analysis of Cobalt (III) with a Tetradentate N,N,O,O-Donor Ligand and 2,2'-{Propane-1,2-diyl-bis[Nitrilo(E) Methylidene]}bis(6-Methoxyphenol) | Chapter 5 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 10

For a long time, chelating agents derived from organic compounds containing N,S,O-donor as a functional group have a strong ability to form metal complexes and exhibit a variety of biological activities. A number of studies have been done on the various Schiff base complexes formed by the condensation of secondary amines with different aldehydes and ketones. Schiff bases have often been used as chelating ligands in the field of coordination chemistry, and their metal complexes have been extensively investigated due to their potential applications. It is known that reactions of N,N,O,O-donor Schiff base ligands with transition metal ions have produced a series of complexes with interesting structures and magnetic properties. A new complex prepared by the reaction of 2,2'-{propane-1,2- diyl-bis[nitrilo(E)methylidene]}bis(6-methoxyphenol) (H2L) with Co(III) ion is reported in this paper. The bicompartmental ligand acts in a tetradentate fashion. The H2L ligand is structurally characterized by elemental analysis, NMR and infrared spectroscopies, conductance and single X-ray diffraction.

The compound with Co(III) crystallizes in the monoclinic system in the space group P2₁/c with the unit cell parameters a = 13.168(2) Å, b = 15.795(2) Å, c = 15.882(2) Å, α = 90°, β = 110.703(16)°, γ = 90°. The cobalt (III) ion has a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry.

In the structure of the mononuclear complex, the Co(III) cation is coordinated by two imine nitrogen atoms, two phenoxo oxygen atoms, from deprotonated Schiff base ligand and two oxygen atoms of water. There are also neighboring two molecules of DMF and one perchlorate anion non-coordinating. The study concluded that the structure revealed tetradentate coordination of the ligand via two nitrogen atoms and two deprotonated phenolicoxygen atoms. In this complex, the central metal center is hexacoordinated. This complex is characterized by spectroscopic studies (IR, NMR), molar conductivity and X-ray diffraction.

 

Author (s) Details

Alassane Saidou Diallo
Department of Chemistry, UFR SATIC, Alioune DIOP University, Bambey, Senegal.

 

Mariama Sarr
Department of Chemistry, UFR SATIC, Alioune DIOP University, Bambey, Senegal.

 

Mbosse Ndiaye Gueye
Department of Chemistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Antoine Blaise Kama
Department of Chemistry, UFR SATIC, Alioune DIOP University, Bambey, Senegal.

 

Farba Bouyagui Tamboura
Department of Chemistry, UFR SATIC, Alioune DIOP University, Bambey, Senegal.

 

Ibrahima Elhadj Thiam
Department of Chemistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Moussa Dieng
Department of Chemistry, UFR SATIC, Alioune DIOP University, Bambey, Senegal.

 

Mohamed Gaye
Department of Chemistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v10/4156

Full Spine X-Ray Examination: Experience Outcome| Chapter 13 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 1

The aim concerning this work is to provide a plain and detailed contract to perform full backbone X-ray examination in disease and follow-up of AIS, direcrtly relevant in essence.Ionizing radiations, even at low doses, present reactions that are well known as girls and young girls constitute the most realistic individuals from X-ray guardianship point of view.On the other side full backbone radiography is the gold standard in disease and follow-up of AIS, where things involved are usually girls and young women.For these reasons, a distinguishing care performing X-ray examination in this place scope, is necessary.Our protocol rises from 8y experience in use and study of the scoliosis in the first two decades of life, joining the orthopaedist’s requirements and the surgical requirements in addition to the care to the particular category made up the plurality individuals complicated, which require a specifically significant relational feature.For a better utility and clarity, we thought-out three main topics: a) single test b) examination all the while orthotic treatment and c) pre-op control. For each one we explained number and type of X-ray view secondhand and how we acted them with the assistance of itemized figures.By comparing X-ray images before and following in position or time the application of our agreement, we saw a significant increase in the feature of the produced countenances as well as a positive response from patients and persons acceptance.An extended cooperation between the Orthopaedic Surgeon and the Radiographer, has led to a clear bettering in technical killing and in an exposure dose decline. Furthermore a particular consideration to the patient’s comfort, along with some mechanics stratagems, led to an reconstructing effectiveness of the services provided.

Author(s) Details:

Sergio Palandri,
Department of Radiology, Umbero I Hospital, Ordine Mauriziano di Torino, Turin, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V1/article/view/9008

Development of an Automated System for Identification of Skeletal Maturity using Convolutional Neural Networks Approach | Chapter 6 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 7

 In this paper, an advanced automation skeletal recognition system that forecasts bone ageing from a radiograph of the left hand, wrist, and fingers is presented. A faster R-CNN uses the left-hand radiograph as input and outputs the DRU region that was discovered. Since the DRU area occupies the majority of the left-hand region, it aids in determining the bone maturity of newborns and young children and forecasts the puberty's accelerating and retarding stages. The experimental section details the setup of the 1101 radiographs of the left hand and wrist as well as the performance of the model using different optimization techniques and training sample sizes.  The recommended approach finally achieves 92 percent (radius) and 90 percent (ulna) classification accuracy after testing parameter adjustment.

Author(s) Details:

B. Sowmya Reddy,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Devavarapu Sreenivasarao,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Shaik Khasim Saheb,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V7/article/view/7921