Histotechnology of Mineralised Tissues: Principles and Practical Approaches for Clinical and Research Applications | Chapter 10 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 6

This study underscores the critical role of selecting appropriate decalcification methods in the histopathological and molecular evaluation of mineralised tissues. A thorough understanding of the chemistry, efficacy, and biological implications of decalcifying agents is essential for guiding pathologists and researchers in making informed, application-specific decisions that preserve both diagnostic accuracy and scientific integrity. Bone, distinct among body tissues, possesses the unique capacity for self-repair and structural adaptation in response to mechanical stimuli. Its complex biochemical composition and micromorphology also enable remarkable long-term preservation, even under varied burial conditions. Bone remodelling, governed by the basic multicellular unit (BMU), involves tightly regulated interactions between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, culminating in mineralisation through the deposition of organic matrix and hydroxyapatite nucleation. The fundamental mechanisms underlying calcium removal—rapid ionic dissolution by acids versus the more controlled chelation by agents such as EDTA—highlight the trade-offs between speed and preservation. This chapter reinforces the need for context-driven decalcification strategies to support evolving histological and molecular diagnostic demands.

 

Author (s) Details

Sharon John
Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow – 226003, UP, India.

 

Arushi Tomar
Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow – 226003, UP, India.

 

Ayushi Jain
Department of Dentistry, Kalyan Singh Government Medical College, Bulandshahar, India.

 

Shalini Gupta
Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow – 226003, UP, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v6/5724

Metastatic Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Challenges, and Supportive Care Strategies | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 6

 

Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC) is the leading cause of breast cancer-related death. MBC is a very devastating disease, not curable and associated with poor outcomes. The rate and site of metastasis vary significantly, but it depends mainly on the primary subtype of the tumor, age and stage of the disease. The aim of this study is to review the underlying mechanisms of MBC, evaluate current challenges in its clinical management, and discuss potential future strategies for improving patient outcomes. Metastasis of breast cancer is a multistep process with complex mechanisms. The crosstalk between disseminated tumor cells and microenvironment has been identified as a critical determinant of metastasis. The most common target organs for breast cancer metastasis are bone, lungs, liver and brain along with distant lymph nodes. Bone metastasis is the most frequent metastatic site. The 5-year survival rate is 32.6%.

 

Most of the patients of MBC are treated with systemic therapy that includes hormone therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these to reduce the tumor burden, relieve the symptoms and improve survival. The focus for MBC patients should be on symptom palliation. Although chemotherapy remains the major treatment, MBC patients need additional supportive care like nutrition; psychology, nursing and palliative care services. Moreover, early detection of metastatic lesions improves the survival rate as well as the quality of life of breast cancer patients. So, there is a dire need for validated biomarkers to identify women at risk of metastasis after diagnosing primary disease. Measurement of circulating tumor DNA may be useful for this purpose. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are also emerging as promising biomarker for metastasis of breast cancer as it has been observed to link to all stages along the cascade of MBC.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Takalkar Unmesh Vidyadhar
Department of Oncology, United CIIGMA Hospital, Shahanoorwadi Darga Road, Aurangabad-431005, Maharashtra, India.

 

Advani Suresh
Department of Oncology, United CIIGMA Hospital, Shahanoorwadi Darga Road, Aurangabad-431005, Maharashtra, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v6/5550

Bone Substitute Used in Oral Surgery: Comparison of Physicochemical Characteristics of Allografts, Xenograft and Synthetic Materials Compared to Autogenous Bone | Chapter 8 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

 Objectives: Many cartilage substitutes have been projected for bone regeneration, and investigators have focused on the interplays occurring between grafts and host fabric, as the biologic reaction of host tissue is related to the inception of the biomaterial. Bone substitutes used in surgical procedures on the teeth and gums and implantology include allografts, xenografts and synthetic fabrics that are frequently used to offset bone loss or to strengthen repaired cartilage by encouraging new cartilage ingrowth into a defect site, but little is currently famous about their physicochemical characteristics. The aim concerning this study was to evaluate any of physical and synthetic properties in a variety of granulated not organic-based biomaterials secondhand in oral surgery and to compare ruling class with those of inner bone.Materials and Methods: Autogenous cartilage and fourteen commercial biomaterials of human, bovine and artificial origins were intentional by high-resolution X-ray dissemination, atomic assimilation spectrometry, and laser diffraction to decide their chemical arrangement, calcium release concentration, crystallinity and granulation size.Results: The capital calcium release concentration was 24. 94 mg/g for Puros® and hostile one was 1.87 mg/g for OCS-B®  compared to 20.15 mg/g for instinctive bone. The range of pieces sizes, in term of median breadth D50, varied between 6.72 µm for Ingenios™ B-TCP and 902.41 µm for OsteoSponge®, distinguished to 282.1 µm for natural cartilage. All samples displayed a similar having six of something shape as bone, except Ingenios β-TCP, Macrobone® and OsteoSponge, that showed rhomboid and triclinic shapes, respectively.Conclusion: Commercial cartilage substitutes significantly clash in terms of calcium concentration, piece size, and crystallinity, that may affect their in-vivo act.

Author(s) Details:

Antoine Berberi,
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Lebanon.

Georges Aad,
Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V3/article/view/12370

Development of an Automated System for Identification of Skeletal Maturity using Convolutional Neural Networks Approach | Chapter 6 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 7

 In this paper, an advanced automation skeletal recognition system that forecasts bone ageing from a radiograph of the left hand, wrist, and fingers is presented. A faster R-CNN uses the left-hand radiograph as input and outputs the DRU region that was discovered. Since the DRU area occupies the majority of the left-hand region, it aids in determining the bone maturity of newborns and young children and forecasts the puberty's accelerating and retarding stages. The experimental section details the setup of the 1101 radiographs of the left hand and wrist as well as the performance of the model using different optimization techniques and training sample sizes.  The recommended approach finally achieves 92 percent (radius) and 90 percent (ulna) classification accuracy after testing parameter adjustment.

Author(s) Details:

B. Sowmya Reddy,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Devavarapu Sreenivasarao,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Shaik Khasim Saheb,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V7/article/view/7921