Background: Indonesia, an archipelagic country with numerous volcanoes, is home to Cantigi (Vaccinium varingiaefolium Blume Miq.), which thrives around the volcanic craters, including on Mount Tangkuban Parahu in North Bandung. Empirically, the local community uses it for salad, cosmetics, and health. Previous studies have demonstrated that Cantigi leaf extract exhibits significant cytotoxic activity against L1210 leukemia cells, though its effects on breast cancer cells have yet to be studied.
Objectives: To obtain simplicia and extracts of Cantigi
leaves that meet the quality standards of simplicia and extracts; to determine
the toxicity data of Cantigi leaf extract using BSLT and MTT methods on T47D
and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and on normal Vero cells, and determine their
selectivity index; to obtain data on volatile bioactive compounds using the
GC-MS method and non-volatile bioactive compounds using the LC-MS/MS method; to
formulate and obtain physicochemical data and optimum cytotoxic activity of
Cantigi leaf extract-loaded gelatin nanoparticles.
Methodology: Cantigi leaves of Mount Tangkuban Parahu were
made into simplicia using an oven, and the extract using maceration in stages
with hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The simplicia and extracts were tested
and standardized against specific and non-specific parameters. The extract
cytotoxic activity was prepared and tested by BSLT (Artemia salina larva) and MTT (T47D, MCF-7, and Vero cells)
methods, and the selectivity index was calculated and compared. Extract
phytochemicals were analyzed using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS methods. The extract was
prepared and synthesized into gelatin nanoparticles by varying two process
variables and three material concentrations and characterized by particle size,
polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, IC50
(T47D cells), FTIR, morphology, and release profile.
Results: The simplicia and extract met the specific and
non-specific quality standards. The ethyl acetate extract was toxic on the BSLT
test (LC50 of 320,63 ppm) and had the highest cytotoxic activity ((IC50
of 75.16+3.05 ppm, the MTT test on T47D cells). GC-MS identified two main
compounds (palmitic acid and stearic acid), and LC-MS/MS identified three main
compounds (bufalin, trametenolic acid, and
beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside), and all had cytotoxic activities on breast
cancer cells. Gelatin nanoparticles can be prepared and characterized. The most
optimum gelatin nanoparticles have the following characteristics: Particle size
of 128.7+28.8 nm, polydispersity index of 0.293+0.00, zeta potential of
9.53+0.00 mV, entrapment efficiency of 74.87+0.00 %, and cytotoxic activity (IC50)
of 16.88+1.42 ppm. In general, the gelatin nanoparticles met the nanoparticle
criteria.
Conclusion: The formulation of gelatin nanoparticles from
Cantigi leaf extract (Vaccinium varingiaefolium Blume Miq.) as an in vitro
breast cancer agent can produce gelatin nanoparticles that have optimum
cytotoxic activity with IC50 of 16.88 ppm, and this activity is
better than the cytotoxic activity of the crude extract with IC50 of
75.16 ppm.
Author (s) Details
Kosasih Kosasih
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Indonesia.
Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-84-6
