Physiological Correlation and Connection Between Cortical Spreading Depression of Leao and Epileptic Seizures| ChaPhysiological Correlation and Connection Between Cortical Spreading Depression of Leao and Epileptic Seizures| Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5pter 4 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5

Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterised by recurrent episodes of involuntary movement called seizures. Seizures are the physical representation of excessive and disorganised electric impulses of the neurons.

 

Objectives: The discovery of cortical spreading depression (CSD) 80 years ago, by Leao, was intimately connected to epilepsy research performed. In this study, it is found that monitoring of brain hemodynamics, metabolic, ionic and electrical activities are very similar in the two pathophysiological events. Here, the study presents the coupling between epilepsy and cortical spreading depression while monitoring mitochondrial NADH together with other brain physiological parameters in real time in vivo.

 

Methods: Rats and Mongolian gerbils were used in three models of induction of epilepsy, namely injection of Metrazol, exposure of the rats to hyperbaric oxygenation in a pressure chamber and using a strain of gerbils that are developing seizures spontaneously. Brain oxygen levels, mitochondrial NADH, extracellular potassium levels, DC steady potential and EEG in the very slightly anaesthetized animals were monitored. Preliminary monitoring of neurosurgical patients was performed in the current study.

 

Results: The effects of locally applied Metrazol were tested in awake animals. The Metrazol (100 mg/ml) was applied epidurally using the cannula. The most typical response to Metrazol occurs 3-5 min after the administration of the drug. The effects of Metrazol on brain metabolism and its impact upon the oxidation-reduction state of NADH are of great interest. The results could be summarised as follows: 1. In almost all animal models tested, cortical spreading depression was developed and recorded 1-3 minutes after seizure activity. 2. The mitochondrial NADH redox state was more oxidised during the two events. 3. The oxidation of NADH during the CSD was 3-4 times relative to the seizure interval. 4. The increase in extracellular potassium levels was also 3-4 times higher during the CSD event. 4. The monitored head-injured patient provided results that were in very high correlation with the animal studies' results.

 

Conclusions: Under the two recorded events, a clear correlation between the process of oxygen(energy) demand or consumption and oxygen(energy) supply was found. The results suggest that the accumulation of extracellular potassium during the epileptic activity is probably the trigger for the development of CSD in the 3 models used as well as in the neurosurgical patient tested.

 

Author (s) Details

Avraham Mayevsky
The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v5/5448

 

A Brief Overview on Epilepsy: General Causes and Surgical Treatment | Chapter 10 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 Now-moment of truth, people are backing various kind of stress in the fast regularly life and most of people as political whole in the world are suffering from variousneurological disorder. Epilepsy is individual of the most universal neurologic disorders of the brain, affecting about 50 heap individuals general and 90% of them are from developing countries.  Epilepsy is a group of affecting animate nerve organs diseases from epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are episodes that can change from brief and nearly undetectable to long periods of energetic shaking. In muscle spasm, seizures tend to recur, and have no next underlying causewhile seizures that happen due to a specific cause are not considered to represent muscle spasm. The cause of most cases of epilepsy is obscure, although some family develop muscle spasm as the result of brain injury, stroke, intelligence tumors, and substance use disorders. The objectiveof the review search out discuss history, community health, etiology, pathophysiology, categorization of epilepsy, symtomps, diagnosis, administration of pilepsy and its future currents.

Author(s) Details:

Vikash Kumar Chaudhari,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Akash Ved,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Jaybir Singh,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Neelkanth M. Pujari,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Priya Arya,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Anjali Singh,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V9/article/view/10362

A Renewable Relationship between Epilepsy and Quinazolinones| Chapter 7 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5

 

 There must be a global response to the public health problem of epilepsy. No matter where it occurs in the world, epilepsy affects people of all ages, genders, races, and social backgrounds. The cortical area of the brain's excessive cortical neuron firing frequently results in the epileptic condition. Understanding the different types of epileptic episodes is the first step in determining an accurate epilepsy diagnosis, course of therapy, and prognosis. Particular seizure types or diseases usually respond better to particular medications or surgical methods. The largest difficulty in treating epilepsy is multidrug resistance syndrome and refractory epilepsy because they prevent Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs) from reaching their intended target in the central nervous system. Additionally, the medications that are already on the market have harmful side effects such sleepiness, hepatotoxicity, anaemia, and teratogenicity. It is crucial to find new medications that are both safe and efficient. Analogues of quinazolinones are molecules that can bind to several sites with high affinity and speed up the development of valuable compounds with therapeutic activity. Novel quinazolinone derivatives have been developed by several scientists from across the world and have been virtually screened and evaluated for their potential to cure various types of seizures. They will be extremely important in the future management of epilepsy.

Author(s) Details:

H. S. Al-Salem,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

T. O. Mirgany,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V5/article/view/7775   

Study on Seizure Detection from the Features of EEG Signals | Chapter 8 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 16

 A seizure must be identified in order to support an epileptic patient's diagnosis and treatment. The goal of this study is to use an EEG signal to automatically detect epileptic episodes in a patient. The EEG signal is proven to be more favourable than other biological signals such as PET, MEG, MRI, and fMRI. The EEG signal that was recorded was first preprocessed. The EEG signal's features were then determined, and the signal was then classed as seizure or normal based on the calculated features. The highest performing characteristics were chosen from a comparison of features such as Mean, PSE (Power Spectral Entropy), variance, and energy. To confirm a robust feature vector, weighted combinations of these characteristics were obtained. We suggest a weighted mixture of variance and energy (in two specific frequency bands) as a composite characteristic in this research. We established a threshold for this composite feature, using which an EEG signal may be categorised as normal or seizure-like. The recommended feature composition provides up to 96.5 percent accuracy.

Author(S) Details

Anita Patil
Department of Electronics and Tele-Communication, Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Pune, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V16/article/view/4061

Study on Etiological Evaluation of Convulsions in Children from 1 Month to 14 Years of Age | Chapter 11 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 Background: Seizures are a common occurrence in paediatric emergency rooms all around the world.

The goal of this study was to learn more about the causes of convulsions in children aged one month to fourteen years old.

This cross-sectional study looked at 120 children who were brought to a tertiary care hospital's paediatric department with convulsions between June 2014 and May 2015.

A complete blood count, blood sugar, serum calcium, magnesium, and electrolytes were all examined on all of the kids. Mantoux, chest X-ray, liver biopsy, Electroencephalography, lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, ultrasonography cranium, computed tomography brain, or magnetic resonance imaging brain were all used depending on the clinical circumstances.

We discovered that 46.7 percent of the children had febrile seizures, 19.2% had a seizure disorder, 15% had cerebral palsy, 5.8% had viral encephalitis, 3.3 percent had pyogenic meningitis, 1.7 percent had neurocysticercosis, 0.8 percent had metabolic disorders, and 0.8 percent had a traumatic brain injury, with the cause of seizures unknown in 6.6 percent of the children.

Conclusion: Children's seizures necessitate a thorough evaluation to establish the underlying pathology causing the seizures.

Author (S) Details

Shanthi Ramesh
Department of Pediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Sundari
Department of Pediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V10/article/view/3510

Comparison between Neurocysticercosis (NCC) and Central Nervous System (CNS) Tuberculoma in Children: Dilemma over Clinico-Radiological Diagnosis? | Chapter 12 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

 Background: The clinical presentations and imaging of neurocysticercosis (NCC) and central nervous system (CNS) tuberculomas frequently coincide. Despite the fact that the aetio-pathology in both scenarios is completely different, there is a lot of confusion in their clinico-radiological evaluation because the findings and appearances are very similar in many respects. In the background of their presentation, the emphasis should be placed on the salient features of each entity. The goal of the investigation was to show how the clinico-radiological findings in both entities differed.

Materials and Methods: Ten patients aged 5 to 15 years (mean age 10.4 years) with headaches and/or seizures had MRI alone or in combination with CT scans. In all of the instances, basic T1W, T2W, T2W FLAIR, and T1W contrast tests were performed. Only three patients had CT scans, and two of them received contrast.

Results: In post-contrast MRI, eight patients showed ring enhancing lesions, whereas two had just cystic lesions ranging from 1 to 3 cm in diameter.

Conclusion: Both modalities verified seven cases of tuberculomas, with one case remaining inconclusive. According to the findings, two instances were diagnosed with neurocysticercosis. The goal of distinguishing between NCC and tuberculomas in the brain was a fair achievable goal, and it was met. In several situations, contrast MRI and spectroscopy revealed a variety of findings for the different features. The results of MR spectroscopy show a lipid peak in the first and an amino acid peak in the second.

Author (S) Details

Bharat Bhushan Sharma
Department of Radiodiagnosis, SGT Medical College & RI, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.

Shashi Sharma
Department of Paediatrics, SGT Medical college & RI, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.

Natasha Nargotra
Department of Radiodiagnosis, SGT Medical College & RI, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.

Nalin Chugh
Department of Radiodiagnosis, SGT Medical College & RI, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.

Ritu Dhaka
Department of Radiodiagnosis, SGT Medical College & RI, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V7/article/view/2040