Innovations in Prostate Cancer Molecular Biomarkers | Chapter 2 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 8

 The most common non-skin cancer in males is prostate cancer, which is also the leading cause of cancer-related death. A commonly used prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test is used to detect prostate cancer early, and a biopsy is utilised to confirm the diagnosis. Prostate cancer is asymptomatic in its early stages, has a wide range of clinicopathologic and clinical traits, and is classified as an indolent cancer type by a big percentage of men. As a result, developing a customised approach for early detection, disease categorization (indolent vs. aggressive), and treatment response prediction for prostate cancer is crucial. The current study analyses the therapeutic value of biomarkers in prostate cancer care based on current understanding of available diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers in prostate cancer. Prostate cancer biomarker development has advanced dramatically, thanks in great part to advances in genetic technologies. For serum (4K, phi), urine (Progensa, T2-ERG, ExoDx, SelectMDx), and tumour tissue, a wide range of diagnostic and prognostic assays has arisen (ConfirmMDx, Prolaris,Oncoytype DX, Decipher). These assays have opened up new possibilities for better prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy choices. While these advancements present great prospects, they also present significant hurdles in terms of selecting and implementing these tests into the prostate cancer patient care continuum.

Author(S) Details

Indu Kohaar
The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA and Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.

Gyorgy Petrovics
The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA and Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.

Shiv Srivastava
Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA

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A Comprehensive Review on Tumor Cavity Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Resected Brain Metastases | Chapter 14 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been widely used not only for intact brain metastases but also late after surgery for the postoperative cavity of metastases, due to the benefits of SRS in preserving neurocognitive functions, maintaining local control and prescribing treatment in a short time frame. Randomized trials have proven the safety and efficacy of cavity SRS compared to observation. There has been a revolution in clinical approach for patients with limited intact brain metastases to treat with SRS only and omit WBRT, as WBRT offers no survival advantage compared to SRS and frequent monitoring with brain MRIs for early rescue upon failure. Recent implementation of PO-SRS applications to the resected BMs treatment algorithm has reputably enhanced local control at the surgical resection bed compared to observation or WBRT Similarly, there is a growing reputation for postoperative cavity SRS for brain metastases. In this review, we summarize the evidence for evidence-based optimization in the postoperative setting of brain metastases that have been surgically removed.

Author (s) Details

Yasemin Bolukbasi
Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey and Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Ugur Selek
Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey and Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Duygu Sezen
Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey and Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Nulifer Kilic Durankus
Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Eyub Yasar Akdemir
Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Sukran Senyurek
Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Ahmet Kucuk
Mersin City Education and Research Hospital, Radiation Oncology Clinics, Mersin, Turkey.

Berrin Pehlivan
Department of Radiation Oncology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Erkan Topkan
Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey.

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Assessing the Impact of MGMT Promoter Methylation as a Prognostic Marker in Patients with Glioma- A Single-Center Observational Study | Chapter 16 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 Background: Via promoter hypermethylation in gliomas, the MGMT gene is epigenetically silenced and this alteration has emerged as a important therapeutic response predictor. The current study was aimed at correlating O6-methylguanine-DNAmethyltransferase (MGMT promoter gene) methylation status with response to alkylating agent-based therapy in high-grade gliomas Methods: For MGMT promoter methylation by methylation-specific PCR, 20 cases of high-grade glioma were analysed. Treatment response and overall survival have been reported and data analysed. Results: MGMT promoter methylation was observed by methylation-specific PCR in 60 percent of gliomas. Mean survival time was significantly higher for glioblastoma patients undergoing adjuvant therapy in patients with MGMT promoter methylation (P= 0.035) and methylation status was an independent predictive factor associated with improved prognosis.Discussion and Conclusion: A more accurate indicator of response to adjuvant therapy and prognosis of high-grade gliomas was MGMT promoter methylation status. Irinotecan and bevacizumab were administered to a subset of patients in the second line environment, and patients with unmethylated MGMT tended to do better than the methylated MGMT promotor community.

Author(s) Details

Vinu Sarathy
Department of medical oncology- HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore, India.

B. J. Srinivasa
Department of medical oncology- HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore, India.

Bhanu Lalkota
Department of medical oncology- HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore, India.

P. K. Kiran
Department of medical oncology- HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore, India.

Vishal Kulkarni
Department of medical oncology- HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore, India.

Samuel Luke Koramati
Department of medical oncology- HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore, India.

Radheshyam Naik

Department of medical oncology- HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore, India.

 

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