Interaction between the Reticular Nucleus of the Thalamus and Different Brainstem Structures | Chapter 13 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

The reticular nucleus of the thalamus (TRN) has attracted special attention among diencephalic structures, which are specially related to the genesis of the electrical activity of brain. Brain stem formations also appear to be able to change the activity of other parts of the brain. The aim of this investigation was to study the mechanisms of the relationship between TRN, mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). It has been shown, for the first time, that: firstly, TRN and MRF are functionally interrelated and affect each other reciprocally - activation of TRN mainly inhibits the activity of MRF neurons and vice versa; secondly, stimulation of NTS led to the activation of TRN neurons. Moreover, when recording the activity of TRN and MRF neurons with two microelectrodes, it was shown that, upon NTS stimulation, deep inhibition of MRF neurons occurred in parallel with the activation of TRN neurons. Based on our results, it is possible to make some adjustments to the scheme of the relationship between the synchronizing and desynchronizing structures when changing the functional state of the brain and the place of TRN in this activity. Taken together, these findings indicate that the brainstem exerts substantial control over the activity of TRN neurons, possibly to globally modulate the level of arousal for preparing for consciousness.

Author(s) Details:

Z. I. Nanobashvili,
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.

I. G. Bilanishvili,
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.

B. B. Buachidze,
Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

M. D. Barbakadze,
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia and Teaching University “GEOMEDI”, Tbilisi, Georgia.

N. A. Khizanishvili,
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V7/article/view/14230

The Challenge of Open Defaecation (OD) and Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Nigeria– A brief Review | Chapter 02 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 2

 Nigeria is ranked second (2) in the world in terms of open defecation, according to a recent World Health Organization report (OD). This has been identified as an environmental danger that has attracted the attention of both government and non-governmental organisations over time (NGOs). As part of their civic obligation, academia and corporate organisations working in the environmental and public health fields have demonstrated no less concern. The Nigerian government and other stakeholders have responded in a variety of ways, including the adoption of the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) principle. The purpose of this review study was to look at this important topic and the magnitude of the problems and efforts achieved so far in the country. In Nigeria, a thorough evaluation of peer-reviewed journals and published material on OD was conducted. The goal of this study was to find out (a) how much OD has presented a public health issue in our areas. (b) What prevalent activities are the key drivers of OD in Nigeria's present sociocultural norms? (c) In Nigeria, what are the most common obstacles to combating OD? A convincing review suggests that Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) or the Community Approach for Total Sanitation (CATS) is one of the proven solutions typically employed at the community and programme level, as investigated in the Nigerian context– its adaptability, effectiveness, and otherwise. A few models were examined, and recommendations were given where needed.

Author(S) Details

Mela Danjin
College of Nursing and Midwifery Gombe (CONMG), Gombe State, Nigeria.

Henry O. Sawyerr
Environmental Health Science Programme, School of Allied Health and Environmental Science, Kwara State University (KWASU), MaleteIlorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V2/article/view/5730