An Overview of Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus | Chapter 4 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 The most prevalent chronic diseases in the world's adult population are diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis. Diabetes mellitus is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders in which blood glucose levels are abnormally large. Periodontitis[1], on the other hand, is an inflammatory teeth-supporting tissue disease caused by a particular microorganism or community of specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive degradation of the periodontal and alveolar ligaments, with pocket formation, recession or both. As a consequence of the dynamic interrelationship between infectious agents and host-related factors, it is a multifactorial disease. Periodontal disorders and diabetes mellitus are closely related and chronic diseases with many similarities in pathobiology are highly prevalent. Related background factors, such as obesity and insulin resistance In this relationship, it might play an important role. Inflammation in the relationship between both is a crucial player. The risk of periodontal diseases is clearly increased by diabetes, and biologically plausible mechanisms have been demonstrated in abundance. It is conceivable that periodontal diseases may act as insulin resistance initiators or propagators in a manner similar to obesity, thereby aggravating glycemic regulation. The effect of periodontal diseases on the glycemic regulation of diabetes and the mechanisms by which this happens are less evident. It is conceivable that periodontal diseases may act as insulin resistance initiators or propagators in a manner similar to obesity, thereby aggravating glycemic regulation. To explain this aspect of the relationship between periodontal diseases and diabetes, more research is required.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Ena Sharma
Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti Solan, India.

Dr. Amit Lakhani
Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti Solan, India.

Surinder Sachdeva
Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti Solan, India.

Kirti Gupta
Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti Solan, India.

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Reporting a Case of Gastric Lactobezoar - Ultrasound Diagnosis | Chapter 2 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 In the sense of clinically presenting characteristics, gastric lactobezoars are observed in neonates and diagnosed with the aid of imaging modalities. Inspissed milk mixes with the mucous and contributes to ball formation such as semisolid mass. Preterm infants are typically present with abdominal swelling, with or without intestinal obstruction characteristics. In children of a higher age group, the disorder is relatively rare. We have a 3-year-old male child with a history of stomach pain and swelling and sporadic vomiting episodes. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed some stomach mass that was confirmed in subsequent barium and computerised tomography tests. He has been absolutely retrieved Conservative endoscopic N-acetylcysteine management. Because of various ages and sex classes, the present case gains little more meaning. In toddlers, lactobezoars are very rare as these are often seen in preterm infants fed with formula feeds. With or without vomiting, the baby displays signs of abdominal distension and discomfort. Easy US can be used to make the diagnosis. NAC is viewed conservatively by the majority of children. Recurrence is not that widespread.

Author (s) Details

Bharat Bhushan Sharma
Departments of Radio-Diagnosis , SGT Medical College, Budhera,Gurgaon, Haryana, India.

Shashi Sharma
Department of Pediatrics, SGT Medical College,Budhera, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.

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Purification and Characterization of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger | Chapter 11 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Microbial enzyme is an important biological substance or biological molecules that are tested by living organisms that act as biocatalyst to bring out a specific biochemical reaction. Enzymes are biochemical catalysts that carry out chemical reaction to speed up the biological. Chemical activity inside or outside the cell. These are referred as “Biocatalyst”. An extracellular cellulose producing Aspergillus niger isolated from the forest soil of Courtalam Taluk, Tirunelveli District. Based on the biochemical test and 18S rRNA gene sequencing the isolate was identified as Aspergillus sp. The purification of cellulase by Aspergillus niger was carried out by DEAE cellulose and sephadox G-100.

Author (s) Details

S. Karthikeyan
Department of Botany and Microbiology, The Madura College, Madurai, India.

V. Meenakshi Sundaram
Department of Botany and Microbiology, The Madura College, Madurai, India.

S. Palpperumal
Department of Botany, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai, India.

D. Kathiresan
Department of Botany, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai, India.

S. Sankaralingam
Department of Botany, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai, India.

B. Harinathan
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, NMSSVN College, Madurai, India.

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Origin and Development of Endothermy: From the Standpoint of Ecological Energetics of Birds | Chapter 12 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 The research is based on the findings of an integrated assessment of resting energy expenditure and common behaviour in birds belonging to different systematic classes. Endothermy has evolved separately and in distinct geological ages in birds and mammals. In both classes, however, it emerged as a side effect of selection for enhancement of aerobic metabolism that provided a higher degree of activity. The benefits of having high and steady body temperatures, which are inevitably linked to the intensification of metabolism, have led to thermoregulatory adaptations such as fur and feathers being created. This has made it possible to preserve the heat produced metabolically and reduce the absorption of heat in hot environments. For homoeothermic animals, the advent of endothermy with an aerobic supply of motion activity, possibilities to control metabolism speed, and thermal conductance has opened up a number of possibilities. The achievement of such an energy utilisation level allowed them to preserve Operation over a longer period of time, although the creation of sensory systems led to problems and diversification of the endothermic behavioural repertoire due to stable temperature and high level of oxygen support, enabling the conquest of almost the entire living portion of the biosphere. The creation of nurturing and transmitting knowledge, collected during life, to new generations has favoured this method. Among various groups of reptilian ancestors, the development of high levels of aerobic metabolism in birds and mammals proceeded in parallel. The stage of endothermy, at which aerobic metabolism is capable of sustaining sustained activity, evolved in different ways in birds and mammals: they have different partitions of venous and arterial networks, erythrocytes with or without a cell nucleus, different designs of the lungs, but similarly Minimum metabolic capacity and sufficiently close temperatures of the body that match well to the Earth's environmental conditions. Natural selection made it possible for animals with a high energetic metabolism to increase their diversity and abundance, but only when endothermic animals were able to meet their numerous food resource demands. In the middle of the Cretaceous, this occurred in time with the appearance of angiosperms and the expansion of invertebrate based fauna. The advent of angiosperms and associated invertebrate fauna, which provided the requisite energy channels for the production of homoeothermic endothermic animals, was the catalyst for the explosive radiation of endothermic animals. Apparently, this is how all essential adaptations evolve. Developments in the ecosystem that triggered these processes and caused significant evolutionary breakthroughs were the driving force behind these adaptations.

Author (s) Details

Valery M. Gavrilov
Department of Vertebrates Zoology and Skadovsky Zvenigorod Biological Station, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.

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Investigation and Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Pleurotus spp. Isolates from Jordan | Chapter 10 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Pleurotus is considered an important genus that belongs to the Pleurotaceae family and contains the edible Pleurotus eryngii (King Oyster mushroom). In the present research, from two locations in the north of Jordan (Tell ar-Rumman and Um-Qais), 19 Pleurotus isolates were collected. The morphological characteristics of the collected isolates showed that the collected isolates were morphologically identical. In the ribosomal DNA gene of the isolated stains, nucleotide sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S rDNA- ITS4 region) and 28S nuclear large subunit (nLSU) showed that all of them share over 98 percent sequence similarity with P. eryngii. Using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis using 18 separate primer pairs, genetic diversity among the collected strains was assessed. 141 out of 196 bands obtained were considered polymorphic using this method, and the highest percentage of polymorphism was observed using primer UBC8277. (92.3 percent) with a 70.56 percent average Polymorphism Information Quality (PIC) value. Cluster analysis revealed that, with a simple clustering centred on selection sites, the Jordanian Pleurotus isolates fell into two major clades with a coefficient of similarity values ranging from 0.59 to 0.74. The findings of the current study show that ISSR and rDNA sequencing molecular techniques will greatly help in the classification and identification of Pleurotus spp. Uh, in Jordan. A strong correlation with geographical distribution and collection sites was discovered by phylogenetic analysis. In the future, for the king oyster mushroom in Jordan, selection of appropriate techniques for large-scale development and commercialization accompanied by breeding strategies with strains of other related populations is required.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Hanan Aref Hasan
Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Jeresh University, Jeresh 26150, Jordan.

Ahmad Mohamad Almomany
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.

Shireen Hasan
Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.


Ayed M. Al-Abdallat
Department of Horticulture and Crop science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.

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Antibiotic Resistance Profile Studies of Bacteria from water in Excavated Ponds in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 In the metropolis of Port Harcourt , Rivers State , Nigeria, the Antibiotic Resistance profile of bacteria isolated from water from two excavated (undeveloped and developed) ponds was investigated using standard microbiological techniques. In a recreational facility called the Pleasure Park, the created pond is The undeveloped pond is situated with minimal facilities in a densely populated built-up area. The following bacterial species were found in water samples from the undeveloped pond: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp.; Shigella spp.; Klebsiella spp.; Vibrio spp. Salmonella spp. and The overall culturable heterotrophic bacterial count (TCHB) and faecal coliform count ranged from 1.02 x 106-1.90 x 106cfu / ml and 3.70 x 105-8.15 x 105cfu / ml respectively in the water samples from the undeveloped pond. The bacteriological (TCHB) load of water samples ranged from 6.9 x 105cfu / ml to 2.1 x 106cfu / ml from the formed pond, while the faecal coliform count ranged from 3.4 x 105 to 1.3 x x coliform count From 106cfu / ml. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp., Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were bacterial species found in an established pond. Using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion process, the sensitivity of the isolates from the water samples to 12 different antibiotics chosen was developed on Muller-Hinton agar. The zone diameter obtained was interpreted using the zone diameter breakpoints of the Clinical Laboratory Standard International (CLSI) and the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC). The degree of resistance to various antibiotics used was shown by the isolates from the undeveloped pond; Lincocin 74.8%, Rifampicin 71.4%, Augumentin 71.2%, Chloramphnicol 68.2%, Erythromycin 64.3%, Cotrimoxazole 55.8%, Streptomycin 50.2%, Pefloxacin 48.6%, Gentamycin 43%, Norfloxacin 42.9%, Ofloxacin 16.2%,Pond, uh. Many of the bacteria isolated are potential pathogens. Isolates from the produced pond showed varying levels of resistance to 14 tested antibiotics, with the highest resistance to Pefloxacin (55.9 percent) while the lowest resistance to Erythromycin (2.9 percent). A 38.2 percent multidrug resistance rate was shown by an MDR (resistance to 3 or more antibiotic classes) assessment. Conceptual risk models (CRM) and drug resistance mapping are critical in addressing the occurrence of drug resistance in target populations as part of health management in developing countries.

Author (s) Details

Professor G. O. Abu
Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

A. C. Wondikom
Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

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Determination of Antitumor Activity of Molecular Iodine Complexes with Lithium Halogenides and Bioorganic Ligands when Applied in Combination with Doxorubicin | Chapter 6 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 The anti-tumor efficacy of iodine-containing anti-infective drugs with bio-organic ligands and potassium and lithium halides (LiCl(I)-I2-a-dextrin-peptide) has been investigated experimentally. The combined action of the LiCl(I)-I2-a-dextrin-peptide complex drug and doxorubicin on the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) has been shown to significantly enhance doxorubicin's antitumor function. Using the quantum-chemical approach at the level of DFT / B3PW91/6-31 G * * and MP2 / midi, it is shown that the enhancement effect of doxorubicin antitumor activity by lithium halogenide molecular iodine complexes and bio-organic ligands is caused by the formation of a structure in which the doxorubicin nucleotide pair is interlocked with the staking interaction of doxorubicin and bound by coordination with LiCl LiCl(I)-a-I2-dextrin complexes increase the stacking interaction of doxorubicin with the nucleotide pair in this structure and become the amino acid residue inhibition core of arginine that forms part of the active topo I site.

Author (s) Details

Gulnara A. Yuldasheva
Scientific Centre for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Kazakhstan.

Georgii M. Zhidomirov
Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Russia.

Aleksandr I. Ilin
Scientific Centre for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Kazakhstan.

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