The effect of Calcium and Potassium on Physiological and Biochemical Aspects on Salt Stressed Almond Rootstock | Chapter 6 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 4

 In this study, changes in plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, nutritional activity, polyamine content and certain metabolic parameters (soluble sugars, proline, polyphenols) were investigated for interspecific hybrid almond rootstock GF677 exposure to various external K+, Ca2+ and Na+. Plants were either grown with a full nutrient solution containing, without or with 75 mM NaCl and 75 mM NaCl alone, 10 mM K+ and Ca2+. Development, exchange of gases, leaf pigments, free polyamine, proline, total sugar, total polyphenols, and total antioxidant activity were calculated. In response to additional KCl and CaCl2 in the culture medium, a major biomass reduction was observed in GF677. Nevertheless, in response to the combined Ca2+ + NaCl or K+ + NaCl treatment, the best results were obtained in terms of photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic pigment concentrations and mineral nutrition (limitation of Na+ accumulation and conservation of Ca2+ and K+ leaf content). The most importantly, however, was the fact that the addition of K+ under salinity increased the content of chlorophyll, the ratio of Chla and Cha/Chlb. This rise was more pronounced compared to that caused in the saline medium by the addition of Ca2+. In addition, our findings have shown that the exogenous supply of K+ under saline conditions increases the leaf content of petunidin-3-glucoside. This component's high accumulation is known to be a more significant source of antioxidants than the other components. Interestingly, the findings showed that Putriscine, proline and sugar accumulated significantly under K++ NaCl treatment in GF677. Compared to unstressed plants, the addition of Ca2+ or K+ alone or with NaCl increased the polyphenol accumulations in GF677 leaves. The results also suggested that by enhancing the antioxidant activity of Petudinin, polyphenols and Putrescine, the combination of K and Na+ could play a synergetic role in regulating several properties that condition plant salt resistance. Moreover, the supply of K+ under salinity appeared to be more successful than the supply of Ca2+ in improving osmoregulation through proline aggregation and soluble sugars.

Author(s) Details

Ahlem Zrig
Research Unit of Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources in Arid Zones, Faculty of Sciences of Gabès- City Erriadh, Zrig, Gabes 6072, Tunisia.

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Monitoring Changes in the Colour, Strength and Chemical Properties of Oil Heat Treated 18-Years Old Cultivated Acacia mangium | Chapter 5 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 4

 Acacia mangium is an important species of fast-grown timber for large-scale forest plantations in Malaysia. A research was conducted to examine changes in colour, strength and chemical properties of the 18-year-old cultivated Acacia mangium treated with oil heat. Oil heat treated in stainless tanks with palm crude oil as heating medium at temperatures of 180 ° C, 200 ° C and 220 ° C for 30, 60 and 90 minutes, respectively, were harvested trees divided into lower, middle and top portions containing heartwood and sapwood. Standards using the Minolta Chroma Meter, TAPPI Standard T204 om-88, TAPPI Standard T203 cm-99, TAPPI Standard T222 cm-02, and BS EN 310:1993 static bending tests were used to determine the changes in the wood. Using correlation analysis, the link between the changes in colour, mechanical and chemical composition was developed. The outcome showed that treatment with oil heat decreased the lightness of the wood and darkened the two sections of the wood. Following oil-heat treatment, the strength of the wood decreased significantly. The percentages of holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, hemicellulose and extractive content in chemical compositions decrease with increasing length and temperature of treatment. The method of oil heat treatment improved the colour of the sapwood to match the 18-year-old Acacia mangium heartwood. For A, the oil heat treatment process is recommended at 200 ° C for a period of 60 minutes. As it enhanced the colour of A, mangium wood. Mangium and the colour of sapwood and heartwood is standardised. As the treated wood only loses up to 15 percent strength in MOR and 10.7 percent in MOE, the loss of strength at this temperature and length is appropriate.

Author(s) Details

Razak Wahab
University College of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia.

Taharah Edin
University College of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia.

Nasihah Mokhtar
University College of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia.

Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman
University College of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia.

Ros Syazmini Mohd Ghani
University College of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia and University of Hobart, Australia.

Mohammad Haziq Razak
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.

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Photo Degradation of Ketoprofen Using Titanium Dioxide as Catalyst | Chapter 4 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 4

 Research has been conducted on the degradation of pure ketoprofen and tablets using ultraviolet light and titanium dioxide catalysts by photolysis. Ultraviolet spectrophotometers at 260 nm and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to analyse ketoprofen and its degradation effects. Using ultraviolet A (366 nm) and ultraviolet C (254 nm) lamps using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as catalysts at varying concentrations, mass and time, ketoprofen degradation is achieved by photolysis. After 180 minutes, the percentage degradation of pure ketoprofen and tablets using the UV A photolysis process and TiO2 15 mg as catalyst was 51.04% and 48.11%, respectively. After 120 minutes, the percentage degradation of pure ketoprofen and tablets using the UV C photolysis process and TiO2 15 mg as catalyst was 91.08% and 89.11%, respectively. The findings showed that, with the addition of TiO2 as a catalyst, the photolysis method with UV C was stronger for degrading ketoprofen than UV A. The residual analysis of ketoprofen was performed using C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm) for high-performance liquid chromatography; the mobile step was acetonitrile: 0.2 percent acetic acid (45: 55); the flow rate was 1.2 mL / min. The chromatogram revealed a decline in ketoprofen peaks and the appearance of new peaks during the degradation phase of ketoprofen.

Author(s) Details

Rina Desni Yetti
College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jl. Tamansiswa No. 9, Padang 25138, Indonesia.

Safni
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Limau Manis Campus, Padang 25163, Indonesia.

Harrizul Rivai
Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Limau Manis Campus, Padang 25163, Indonesia.

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A Critical Review on the Application of Veterinary Cytogenetics in Domestic Animals | Chapter 3 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 4

 The study of chromosomes is cytogenetics; their structure and properties, chromosome activity during cell division, their effect on traits and factors that cause chromosome changes. The application of cytogenetics to clinical problems which occur in animal production is veterinary cytogenetics. It has been used to explain issues such as infertility and its forms, embryonic and foetal death, sexual and somatic growth defects and hybrid sterility, prenatal sex determination and other forms of chromosomal abnormalities as well. Via traditional and banded karyotyping techniques and molecular cytogenetic techniques, these are accomplished. While traditional techniques are still useful and widely used, as a result of developments in molecular cytogenetic techniques, such as fluorescent in situ hybridization and array-based techniques, the essence of cytogenetics has gradually changed. In both molecular diagnostics and basic science, these developments are evident. The combination of traditional and molecular cytogenetics has given rise to techniques of high resolution that have made it possible to research fundamental questions about biological processes. It helps the study of inherited syndromes, tumorigenesis processes at the molecular level, the organisation of the genome and the determination of chromosome homologies between organisms. It makes it easy to pick the animals in the breeding programmes and other essential aspects of the development of animals. Molecular cytogenetics has now substantially reduced the presence of a large resolution distance between conventional cytogenetic techniques and techniques in molecular biology. We addressed a variety of techniques used in cytogenetics and their methodologies in this paper, and suggest where the benefits of animal production should be based in the future. The applications of these approaches have now transcended the limits of low-resolution chromosomal aberration diagnostics and are now well known in basic functional and comparative study.

Author(s) Details

Muhammad Sanusi Yahaya
Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra, Malaysia and Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Mohd Shahrom Salisi
Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.

Nur Mahiza Md. Isa
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.

Abd Wahid Haron
Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.

Innocent Damudu Peter
Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra, Malaysia and Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.

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Induction of Apoptosis Pathways in Human Cervical Carcinoma Cells by Ionizing Radiation | Chapter 2 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 4

 More than half of the cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy have received radiotherapy during the course of care, and it is the most common advanced-stage treatment for cervical cancer. The goal of this study is to identify changes in gene expression involving gamma radiation-induced apoptosis pathways, which identified genes and gene-related signalling pathways may provide meaningful biomarkers for understanding cancer dynamics and human cervical cancer treatment targets. Various doses of a single fraction of gamma radiation were exposed to cervical cancer cells. After incubation for different times, the MTT assay examined the proliferation of C-4 I and HeLa cells, whereas morphological characteristics were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy to measure the Apoptotic Index (AI). In addition, gene expression was assessed using molecular micro-array processes and study of the signalling pathway was carried out. Gamma irradiation inhibits HeLa and C-4 I cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A substantial difference between HeLa and C-4 I cell lines was observed from our observations (p<0.01), while HeLa cells tended to be radio resistant, while C-4 I cells were radiosensitive. The doses of IC50 and AI were 16 Gy and 32 Gy for C-4 I and HeLa cells, respectively. The results of the microarray controlled the expression of some factors considered to be gamma radiation treatment-regulated apoptosis activators, whereas some representatives of anti-apoptosis were down-regulated. Analysis of the pathway identified that essential pathways related to apoptosis, WNT, cell cycle and P53 were significantly improved. These findings indicate that ionised radiation directly induces anti-proliferative effects by transforming the expression in HeLa and C-4 I cervical cancer cells of genes linked to apoptosis and cell proliferation pathways. Specific gene identification can be helpful in a novel treatment strategy to improve the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiotherapy by modulating the expression of several genes. Instead of comprehensive research, our analysis is a sort of screening. In order to identify these defined genes in vitro and in vivo, we need further study.

Author(s) Details

Walid M. Khalilia
Department of Forensic Sciences, Al-Istiqlal University, Jericho, Palestine.

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Street Vended Food Contamination in Kumasi, Ghana | Chapter 1 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 4

Street foods are foods and drinks that are ready to be consumed on the streets and generally sold. This practice is common in the heart of cities in Ghana providing valuable services by supplying easy access of food to the public at a low cost. As a result of their distinctive tastes, simplicity and their dietary importance in the customs of societies, street-sold foods (SFV's) are favoured. Street food sales also provide business opportunities for emerging industrialists, while having a substantial impact on many developed countries' financial systems. However, the protection of these foodstuffs, in particular the assessment of the handling that may result in contamination, is not assessed. The microbial contamination due to the handler involved in the processing of ready-to-eat-foods (RTE) and the use of a survey was examined in this study; researchers highlighted the critical points in order to determine the observed hygiene practises. Using the random sampling process, the study recruited 45 vendors. Water samples were obtained aseptically from the container where the food handlers used during the development of RTE to wash their hands. To collect environmental and personal hygiene data from the vendors, a formal questionnaire and an analytical checklist were used. Samples were tested for the identification of various microbiological parameters, including foodborne pathogens, and 16 (37.21%) were positive for Escherichia coli, 12 (27.91%) for Salmonella spp., 8 (18.60%) for Staphylococcus aureus, and 7 (16.28%) for Klebsiella spp. Unacceptable activities such as the use of bare hands to obtain customer money, and. Serving food at the same time and selling in unhygienic open spaces with these SFVs have been observed. These findings highlighted the importance of various management of critical points in the development of RTEs, including vendor guidance and hygiene procedures that provide policy makers with knowledge about how to deal with SFVs in order to ensure the safety of these companies.

Author(s) Details 

Mina Ofosu
Department of Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana.

Boampong Gyekye Emmanuel

Department of Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana.

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Occurrence of Oestrus ovis myiasis in Sheep from a Temperate Region | Chapter 15 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

Oestrus ovis is a parasitic fly larva that causes sheep to have the most significant internal myiasis, causing variable damage to cranial structures, creating clinical manifestations that can be extreme in certain animals. The goal was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of O. infection. Ovis is considered a temperate zone with a cold season for sheep in southern Chile. The heads of 87 sheep underwent necropsy tests. By microscopy, the larvae were collected and marked. In these sheep, the prevalence was 60.9 percent . With 85.7 percent (18/21) of animals infected, sheep between 1 and 3 years of age reported the highest prevalence. There was no substantial difference between the infection of males and females. In early summer, the high number of L3 confirms the development of infection in sheep during the cold season and the highest number of findings indicate the risk of new infections in early summer. In conclusion, this disease should be taken more seriously and, in its diligence, needs more attention as an important problem for the development of livestock.

Author(s) Details

Alejandro Hidalgo
Laboratorio de Imunoparasitología Molecular, Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional CEMT, Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile and Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco, Chile.

Héctor Palma. Veterinarian.
Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco, Chile.

Carlos Oberg
Departamento o de Procesos, Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile.

Flery Fonseca-Salamanca
Laboratorio de Imunoparasitología Molecular, Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional CEMT, Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.

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