Smart Agriculture: IOT with Cloud Computing, Fog Computing and Edge Computing | Chapter 4 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

Smart Farming could be a explained as a farming method which works on the thought process of a fashionable technology to increase the yield of the amount and quality of agricultural merchandise. IoT-based smart farming, a system solely made for the observation of crops in the field with the assistance of sensors and automating the irrigation system in accordance to our needs. Antique cloud-based system which uses mostly IoT models are inadequate to handle the traffic and the database of knowledge. So as to an extent it turns out to be lower latency, longer battery life for IoT devices, a lot of efficient money-based knowledge management, access to knowledge management and AI, ML IoT-EDGE based system is proposed or may be adopted. Edge for the IoT brings potential edges for several IoT deployments, as well as removal of interval in conjunction with geometric communications potency, compared to exploitation of the cloud to process and store knowledge. For example, several IoT processes will have a high level of automation at the sting leading to low latency for fast processing. The machine if ogsim is employed for modelling and simulating the sting based mostly on the IoT system which also includes the edge and the fog. The results of this method are to indicate that Edge computing based mostly IoT models are a lot of economical and extremely fast and may turn out and provide higher results when put next to different systems.

Author(s) Details

Ms. S. Nandhini
Srm Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.

Shivcharan Bhrathi
Srm Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

D. Dheeraj Goud
Srm Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

K. Pranay Krishna
Srm Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India


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Education, Technology and Curriculum: The “Classroom of the Future” and the New Pedagogical Innovation Horizons | Chapter 3 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

One of the most debated concepts in Education and Technology is the “Classroom of the Future”, not only because classrooms changed, but first of all because students, society and teachers have changed. This is a global challenge for Higher Education: To prepare future teachers for these new ages of technology-based classrooms, students who master digital and informational tools and pedagogy that needs to be enhanced in order to follow all these simultaneous mutations. Our main objective is to discuss how Universities need to focus on new pedagogical approaches for the “Classroom of the Future”, combining Education, Curricula and Technology, preparing future teachers and drawing the path for teaching and learning success. 

Author(s) Details

L. Cardoso
Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Centre for Comparative Studies, University of Lisbon, Portugal.

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Dielectric Coating Effect with Particle Movement in a 3-Phase GIB | Chapter 2 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2 Dielectric

The dielectric coating effect on the motion of the Particle  inside a Gas Insulated Bus duct (GIB) of three phase using epoxy resin coating of dielectric inside f GIB outer enclosure of inner surface without image charge is presented in this paper. Simulation is performed by considering various parameters like drag, gravitational and the electrostatic forces acting on the particle and a mathematical model was derived. A 2nd order differential equation for the particle motion is solved and restitution coefficient was considered at each impact of particle with the GIB enclosure. At the particle locations, estimation of electric fields instantaneously was made by CSM. The   particle motion in the absence of effect of image charge is considered in a 3-phase GIB with dielectric coating. For voltage levels like 400 kV, 600 kV, 800 kV and 1200 kV class, the movement of radial in nature is found for particles like aluminum and copper inside GIB. Analysis of all the results were done and presented in this paper.

Author (s) Details  

K. B. V. S. R. Subrahmanyam
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE), S R Engineering College, Warangal, India.

 Ram Deshmukh
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE), S R Engineering College, Warangal, India.

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Developing Fractals Using Iterated Function Systems: Advanced Study | Chapter 1 | Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

The geometric modeling of fractal objects is a difficult process. An important class of complex objects in nature is trees, plants, clouds, mountains, etc. These objects cannot be satisfactorily described or acceptable in quality or quantity using conventional geometry. Diverse techniques are at present being investigated for modeling these complex objects. The development of a new approach to computing fractals is being taken up by us, known as Iterated Function Systems. Any set of linear maps (affine transformations) and an associated set of probabilities determines an Iterated Function System (IFS). IFS description forms, through a set of simple geometric transformations, a basic set of tools for interactive image construction. This paper presents the role of IFS in geometric modeling of fractal objects.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Bulusu Rama
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.

Jibitesh Mishra
Department of Computer Science and Applications, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Bhubaneswar, India.

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Estimation of Annual Effective Dose Due to Ingestion and Inhalation of Radon in Groundwater from Kaduna, Nigeria: Recent Development | Chapter 11 | Theory and Applications of Physical Science Vol. 4

The variation in the concentration of radon in groundwater sources comprising of boreholes and wells in Kaduna metropolis and environs were determined by using Tri-carb LSA 1000 liquid scintillation counter. The radiation dose received by individuals within different age groups categorized under; infants, children and adults, depending on their average annual water consumption rates (ACRs) were also estimated. The mean radon activity in 16 boreholes and 18 well water samples were 1.8/Bq/L and 0.57 Bq/L respectively; while the average radon activities ranged from 0.85 to 2.57 Bq/L and 0.35 to 0.85Bq/L respectively with all values far below the United States Environmental Protection Agency MCL of 11.1 Bq/L. All the estimated annual committed effective dose (ACED) for all samples were observed to increase with radon concentration, age and ACRs, but were significantly lower than the United Nation Scientific Committee on Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit of 1mSv/yr. The radiation dose rate received by the lung cells due to the inhalation of waterborne radon in the air was considerably higher when compared to that received by the stomach walls via ingestion.

Author(s) Details
A. Kalip 
Department of Applied Physics, College of Science and Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, P.M.B. 2021 Kaduna, Nigeria.

S. Gaiya
Department of Applied Physics, College of Science and Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, P.M.B. 2021 Kaduna, Nigeria

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Patterns in Solar Variability, Their Planetary Origin, and Terrestrial Impacts: New Perspective | Chapter 10 | Theory and Applications of Physical Science Vol. 4

This is the Preface of the Special Issue of Pattern Recognition in Physics published in 2013, here reprinted with some modifications and updating. We hope that by the arguments and facts presented in this volume, we have lifted “the planetary hypothesis” to the level of a “planetary theory” and we even foresee that it will lead to a new paradigm on planetary–solar–terrestrial interaction. We are well aware of the fact that there is much more to learn and improve, but we trust the theory is here to stay. The volume consists of 12 independent papers. Several papers have addressed the question about the evolution of climate during the 21st century. Obviously, we are on our way into a new grand solar minimum. This sheds serious doubts on the issue of a continued, even accelerated, warming as claimed by the IPCC projects.

Author (s) Details

Nils-Axel Mörner 
Department of Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 

Roger Tattersall
Tallbloke, Wordpress, Leeds, UK.

Jan-Erik Solheim
Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.

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A Wide Infrared Tuning Range of the Bulk CdSe Doped with Cu Photodetector | Chapter 9 | Theory and Applications of Physical Science Vol. 4

In this work, the adopted method of the CdSe doped with Cu (CdSe: Cu) photodetector is presented. This detector is prepared by vacuum evaporation of CdSe films on a glass substrate followed by vacuum annealing under an argon atmosphere for doping with copper. The detector is found, for the first time, to cover a wide range of the infrared besides the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This finding of the wavelength tuning is due to the localized energy states of copper atoms inside the band gap of the CdSe. These characteristics stem from the unique band structure of CdSe: Cu. This tuning is compared with recent work in the corresponding colloidal CdSe-ZnS core shell quantum dots and with the quantum well (QWIR) and quantum dots infrared detectors (QDIR). The major significance of this developed detector is in its synthesis simplicity and its fabrication processes costs in comparison with that of the (QWIR) and (QDIR) detectors. The structural analysis results demonstrated that the vacuum annealing in competition with the doping concentration improves significantly the film structure. A better crystalline structure is reported at 5 wt% of Cu concentration and at annealing temperature of 350ºC. Besides the measured specific detectivity at room temperature is D*=2.31×108 cm Hz1/2W-1. This value approaches the detectivity of the state of art mercury cadmium telluride (MCT). This result paves the way for further investigations and improvements.

Author(s) Details

Professor Hassan H. Mohammed
Department of Computer Engineering Technology, Iraq University College, Alestiqlal Street, Basrah, Iraq.

Professor Salwan K. J. Al-Ani
Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq.

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