Optimising Depot Storage and Distribution Efficiency through Matching Gasoline Supply to Demand | Chapter 3 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 11

 

The primary aim of the study is to optimise depot storage capacity and performance by aligning gasoline supply with distribution requirements. This study was conducted for one of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (refiner) depots supplied by a multi-product (gasoline, diesel and kerosene) pipeline. The depot is supplied by a six-inch multi-product (gasoline, diesel and kerosene) pipeline at 82 m3/hour and loading/distribution of 100 m3/hour per arm inside the depot.

 

The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, a refiner, owns and operates a petroleum products pipeline network connected to its 21 storage depots across Nigeria. These storage depots are supplied by a multi-product (gasoline, diesel and kerosene) pipeline network. Since the early 1990s, as gasoline demand increased, the entire supply/distribution chain appeared inadequate. The primary aim of the study is to optimise depot storage capacity and performance by aligning gasoline supply with distribution requirements. This study was conducted for one of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (refiner) depots supplied by a multi-product (gasoline, diesel and kerosene) pipeline. The depot is supplied by a six-inch multi-product (gasoline, diesel and kerosene) pipeline at 82 m3/hour and loading/distribution of 100 m3/hour per arm inside the depot. Distribution/loading facility designed for two arms each for gasoline, kerosene and diesel (or 33.33% for each product), whereas gasoline storage capacity is 55%, diesel, 33%, kerosene 11%, and slops, 1% of the total depot capacity. The design supply to distribution chain capacity ratio showed a mismatch, which in actual operation becomes 2:1. The above design created a ullage problem at sustained supplies, gross under-utilisation of supply chain infrastructures and poor operational performance. After a technical evaluation, a section of the depot storage to loading pipeline network was re-designed and modified to enable product supply capacity to match loading, and minimise storage. Hence, the gasoline loading became 66.67%, kerosene and diesel, each of 16.67%, increasing the actual supply to distribution chain capacity ratio from 2:1 to 2:2 (and when required, can be maximised to 2:3), thereby correcting the apparent mismatch between the supply and distribution chain capacities. Findings showed significant improvement in pipeline transportation scheduling, depot stock and overall product distribution. The modification has enabled the refiner to increase depot and upstream supply chain utilisation.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Eric Obiora Okeke
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, PMB 5373, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v11/6218

An Evaluation of the Long-term Worldwide Availability and Market Value of Zirconium and Hafnium in Relationship to Future Demands Utilizing the WORLD7 Model | Chapter 2 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 1

 

The long-term supply, price dynamics and recycling of zirconium and hafnium were assessed with the WORLD7 model. The total potential resources have been estimated at least 640-800 million tons of zirconium and 16-22 million tons of hafnium, it is estimated that about 320 million tons of zirconium is extractable. The WORLD7 model simulations show that the supply of zirconium will be in soft scarcity, caused by expensive manufacture and limited production capacity. Hafnium is in demand for superalloys in excess of the present production capacity (90 tons per year in 2022), rather than the size of the hafnium resource (20 million tons). The degree of recycling for zirconium and hafnium is at present far too low. The production and supply of these metals are predicted to peak around 2100, dependent on when the global population peaks and demand peaks. The zirconium resource will be sufficient for metal production for business-as-usual. For increased demand, scarcity may arise from delays in the adaptation of production capacity for zirconium and hafnium. The long-term sustainable extraction of zirconium is equivalent to a total extraction of 210,000 ton/yr of zirconium element for the supply of oxide and metal supply, far below the present extraction. Zirconium extraction would be sustainable at a recycling rate of 86%. For hafnium, the sustainable extraction is 2.5% of the total zirconium amount, or 5.2 tons/yr. Thus, hafnium extraction is not long-term sustainable, unless the recycling rate is better than 94%.

Author(s) Details:

Harald Ulrik Sverdrup,
System Dynamics and Serious Games, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Holsetgaten 31, NO-2315 Hamar, Norway.

Antoniy Elias Sverdrup
Genetics and Bioinformatics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan, RU-420 008, Russia.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/STRUFP-V1/article/view/14324