Exploring Subsurface Water Seasonal Trends: Musi River Command Area, India | Chapter 1 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

 

The objective is to explore the seasonal trends in Musi River groundwater at various sampling stations in the Musi River command area. A total of ten parameters were analyzed of river groundwater during pre and post-monsoon in two years respectively 2020-21. The results were a drop in water quality with seasonal trends among the sites. The data have been compared with the health-based guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), increase in pollution load during the rainy season indicated the increase in organic matter in river water during the season due to an increase in anthropogenic interferences of the surrounding areas.

 

Except for fluoride, every parameter in the data analysis displayed in Table 11 has a high standard deviation. This is proof of seasonal variation and wastewater discharge variation.

 

According to Table 10's data analysis, there is a stronger association between post-monsoon This demonstrates how the monsoon water was added and how it seeped into the groundwater.

 

The following tables, which show the findings, are corresponding to 12, 13, 14, and 15.

 

According to WQI, the water is getting worse in quality. Seasonal changes and partially or fully treated industrial wastewater discharge are to blame for this.

 

Author(s) Details

Mohammed Zakir Hussain
University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Muscat, Oman.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v8/1621

Numerical Simulation Using the Finite Element Method to Investigate the Effect of Horizontal Drains and Cutoff Walls on Seepage and Uplift Pressure in Heterogeneous Earth Dams | Chapter 06 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 9

 Because of the potential hazards and repercussions of dam failure for downstream populations, earth dam design and problems are key considerations both during and after construction. The effectiveness of using cutoff walls and horizontal drains to reduce seepage flow from a conventional heterogeneous earth dam is the subject of this research. The primary goal of this research is to determine an appropriate horizontal drain length in earth dam downstream shells, as well as the ideal location for cut off walls in earth dam foundations. Various cutoff wall depths and horizontal drain lengths are positioned under the earth dam at various sites for this purpose. The numerical simulation method is used to calculate seepage analysis, hydraulic gradient, and uplift pressure (FEM). Results showed that increasing horizontal drain length causes a slight increase in the seepage rate and hydraulic gradient. For limiting seepage and piping/undermining, the best place for a cutoff wall is in the middle of the dam foundation. Seepage from the earth dam and its base is decreased by increasing the cut-off wall depth. Changing the cutoff wall's placement has little impact on the exit hydraulic gradient, which is always less than unity. When a cutoff wall is installed in the middle of the foundation, the hydraulic gradient is reduced by 20% compared to a cutoff wall installed upstream of the dam.

Author(S) Details

Farzin Salmasi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

John Abraham
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, School of Engineering 2115 Summit Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V9/article/view/6296

Geological Considerations in Dam Engineering | Chapter 10 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 6

 Engineering geological investigations are critical at every level of a dam project's implementation. More than a third of dam failures and ruptures occur as a result of poor engineering geological studies at the dam site, demonstrating the relevance of geology in the effective design of dam projects. Several dams have encountered issues during construction and operation. The breakdown of various dams in Iran is extremely clear. The Lar Dam, located northeast of Tehran, is the most visible of them. Although the dam's reservoir capacity is around one billion cubic metres, less than a third of the reservoir has been filled since its operation in 1980. The correct choice of dam site is one of the first phases in the building and design of dams that ensures the dam's success. Because Iran is located in seismically active areas, dams should be built with an understanding of how seismic activity may affect their stability. One of the most significant variables to examine is the presence of active faults near the dam site. This element may have an impact on the dam type chosen. This paper gives an overview of geological issues in dam construction and uses examples from Iran and other nations to highlight the significance of the topic. The geology of dam engineering covers a wide range of themes and specialities. The goal of this research is to give a general summary of how important geological investigations are for dam designers. Reviewing these cases will give civil and water engineers a better understanding of the soil properties beneath the dam foundation, allowing geological and civil engineers to work together more effectively. In addition, some major studies of problematic dam building around the world are highlighted in order for the engineers involved in the design team to gain a better knowledge of the situation.

Author(S) Details

Farzin Salmasi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

John Abraham
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, School of Engineering 2115 Summit Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.


View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V6/article/view/5504

Comparison of Uplift Pressure and Hydraulic Gradient in Three Types of Dams: Concrete Gravity Dams, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Earth-Filled Dams | Chapter 06 | Innovations in Science and Technology Vol. 3

 Dams are among the oldest hydro-engineering structures on the planet. They're built to prevent flooding and protect land, property, people, and cattle. Dam designers must understand uplift pressure and hydraulic gradient since they have an impact on the dam's stability. Dam stability relates to the dam's ability to withstand sliding, overturning, and maximum stresses (tension or compression) applied to its foundation. The hydraulic gradient and uplift pressure in three types of dams, namely homogeneous earth dams, heterogeneous earth dams, and concrete gravity dams, are the subjects of this research. The numerical simulation method was used to calculate seepage, hydraulic gradient, and uplift pressure (FEM). The FEM receives the dam shape, material, computational mesh, and boundary conditions (BCs). The hydraulic gradients for two types of dams, the concrete gravity and the homogenous earth dam, were similar and less than 0.5, according to the findings. However, the hydraulic gradient at the beginning and end of the clay core heterogeneous earth dam was greater than 2.5. To prevent the dam foundation from piping/undermining, filter material will need to be installed in certain zones. The two earth dams have higher uplift pressures than the concrete gravity dam. Uplift pressure for earth dams is thought to be safe since the enormous width of earth dams prevents them from overturning.

Author(S) Details

Farzin Salmasi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

John Abraham
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, School of Engineering 2115 Summit Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IST-V3/article/view/5457

Validity of Schaffernak and Casagrande Analytical Solutions for Seepage through a Homogeneous Earth Dam and Comparison with Numerical Solutions Based on the Finite Element Method | Chapter 7 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 4

 Because of its uses in reservoir management, seepage from earth dams is an essential topic to research. The loss of water owing to seepage is a significant concern for hydraulic designers. Water logging, salinization, groundwater contamination, and health concerns are all caused by seepage loss, which depletes fresh water resources. This study offers numerical and analytical solutions for seepage from a homogeneous earth dam resting on an impervious foundation. For this, a steady-state two-dimensional (2D) flow through a homogeneous earth dam is investigated. The finite element approach is used to calculate the position of the phreatic line (FEM). The numerical simulation results are compared to Schaffernak and Casagrande's analytical solutions. The numerical solution, as opposed to the Casagrande and Schaffernak approaches, forecasts higher seepage. Schaffernak's solution has a greater than 20% mistake rate, whereas Casagrande's solution has a greater than 30% error rate. Both Schaffernak and Casagrande's answers, on the other hand, are for simple cases: I a homogeneous embankment; (ii) an embankment dam standing on top of an impervious base. In FEM simulation, none of these assumptions or simplifications are required. This research demonstrates FEM's capacity to predict water flow in a porous medium with complex characteristics such as non-homogeneous (heterogeneous) embankment dams, non-isotropic soils, pervious foundations, and a variety of boundary conditions.

Author(S) Details

Farzin Salmasi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

John Abraham
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, School of Engineering 2115 Summit Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V4/article/view/5107

Study on the Effect of Inclination of Cutoff Wall Beneath Gravity Dams on Uplift Force | Chapter 04 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 1

 Cutoff walls and drainage holes are a strategy for preventing piping or lowering the exit hydraulic pressure gradient or ground-water seepage. Cutoff walls in gravity dams are typically composed of concrete with a vertical geometry beneath the dam foundation. Engineers may choose an inclination of cutoff walls if it has a good influence on reducing uplift force. The goal of this work is to use the finite element method to explore the effectiveness of inclined cutoff walls under hydraulic structures, taking into account the influence of depth, location, and inclination angles of the cutoff wall (FEM). The efficiency of inclined cutoff walls positioned beneath a gravity dam is compared in this study. The cutoffs are oriented downstream and have angles ranging from 0 to 60 degrees in relation to the vertical direction. Cutoff walls with varied angles of inclination are employed in various places. The cutoff wall is at the heel (upstream) of the dam, resulting in the least amount of uplift force. Inclined walls with a set longitudinal cutoff wall placement lessen uplift force. An angled cutoff wall upstream of the dam has a significant influence on minimising uplift force. Although the inclined cutoff wall was able to lower the uplift force in the numerical simulation, it is crucial to highlight that building an inclined cutoff wall is more challenging than building a vertical cutoff wall. As a result, further research into inclined cutoff wall construction and application is required in future studies. An significant concern is estimating the project's construction expenses.

Author(S) Details

Farzin Salmasi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

John Abraham
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, School of Engineering 2115 Summit Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V1/article/view/4361