Exploring Two-Phase Flow Dynamics: Experimental Investigations and Computational Modeling in Smooth and Stepped Chutes | Chapter 6 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 2

 Cavitation damage to hardened structures is coarse in dam spillways. Cavitation can lead to cracks on the actual surface which further increases the risk of damage to hardened by means of sulfate attack, freeze-unfreeze, alkali-silica response, and others. Cavitation damage happens on concrete surfaces when discontinuities or irregularities are met in the path of speedy water flow. Stepped spillways are acceptable, economic alternatives for high-volume depository dams that require meaningful energy amusement, for structural reworking to roller-compressed concrete dams, and to advance spontaneous flow aeration. In this place study, numerical analysis of the hydraulic traits for the skimming flow government of over the stepped chute of the Zirdan Dam is carried out. A corresponding between the flow traits for stepped and smooth spillways is given. By preparing numerical models utilizing the k-ε RNG turbulence model and the multiphase combination method, a hydraulic reasoning of the flow was completed. To validate the performance of the mathematical model, field data was composed and used for confirmation. The results show that the presence of steps along the chute cause a significant decline in the length of the perimeter layer and faster aeration happens. In a stepped chute, the cavitation index is higher than the fault-finding limit along the whole length of the spillway. So, the risk of cavitation and destruction is insignificant. On the other hand, accompanying a smooth spillway, the likelihood of cavitation may happen. This negative effect (negative pressures) occurs 56 m from the ridge of the spillway on the coming after side. For the design discharge, the difference in energy wantonness for the stepped and smooth chute is 47%.

Author(s) Details:

Farzin Salmasi,
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

John Abraham,
School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V2/article/view/12949

Study about CIGS-based Solar Cells with ZNS Buffer Layer: A Numerical Modeling and Simulation Approach | Chapter 4 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 6

In this phase, we examine by what method the thin-film CIGS solar cells depictions are modified when replacement the conventional toxic  by  safeguard layers.  is individual of the most hopeful semiconductor materials for photovoltaic conversion established polycrystalline thin-films. It is a semiconductor of great appeal in recent years as thin-film battery powered by the sun absorber material. Usually a safeguard layer of cadmium sulphide is secondhand in high efficiency cosmic cells established . Numerous studies have been done to use Cd-free safeguard layers on account of cadmium toxicity.  Our work focuses on this type of CIGS-based cosmic cells where  is interchanged by a  buffer coating. In this contribution AFORS-HET software is used to imitate  polycrystalline thin-film solar cell place the key parts are p-CIGS absorber coating and n-ZnS buffer layer. The part of the buffer tier is to be as much transparent as attainable, allowing a maximum light part of 24 hours absorption in the protection layer while maintaining a depressed interface recombination rate. To maximise adaptation efficiency, it has been raise that the doping concentrations of the protection and buffer tiers, as well as their thickness and Ga content, are detracting component features. We find a maximum adaptation efficiency of  with a avoid current of , an open circuit strength of , and a fill factor of.

Author(s) Details:

Adama Sylla,
Laboratoire d’Energie Solaire, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP.V34, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.

Siaka Toure,
Laboratoire d’Energie Solaire, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP.V34, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.

Jean-Pierre Vilcot,
Institut d’Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), UMR, CNRS, 8520. Laboratoire Central, Cité Scientifique - Avenue Poincaré, Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V6/article/view/11339

Formation Mechanism and Sustainable Utilization of Ningwu Ice Cave in China | Chapter 5 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4

 The present study examined the energy exchange of Ningwu Ice Cave and before quantitatively interprets the formation and preservation system of the ice deposit. Heat strength is conducted inefficiently into the iceberg cave from outside and divider rock in spring, summer, and fall. While in winter, heat energy is moved very efficiently on account of the air natural change of possession, thus cooling it unhappy. Wherever the annual average air temperature is above 0 °C, ice caves can be raise. The largest hailstone cave in China, Ningwu Ice Cave in Shanxi Province, serves as an exemplification. We simulate the heat transfer process at this ice grotto using the Finite Element Method in consideration of quantitatively investigate the mechanism of establishment and preservation of the glaze cave. The estimation aids in assessing the belongings of global toasting, tourists, coloured lights, important conditions, and other determinants on the long-term growth of the ice cave as a touristry resource. Other icicle caves in China had sealed doors installed at the entrances in an effort to "cover" them, but this obviated cooling in the winter, and the iceberg in these caves will completely yield within tens of age. Rare natural landscapes usually have a very high advantage in terms of exercise. The benefit extends beyond erudition to include commerce. Like ice caves, particularly those in the direction of temperate domains like Ningwu Ice Cave. On the one help, ice bodies maybe used to study small-scale temperature changes over the past few decades. On the other hand, on the base of scientific protection and growth, ice caves maybe opened to tourists as a travel resource to advance the development of the local touristry market and drive the development of green saving with local traits. Details of sustainable utilization of Ningwu Ice Cave in China were resolved.

Author(s) Details:

Shaohua Yang,
Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.

Yaolin Shi,
Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V4/article/view/9644