Cytology in COVID-19 and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease| Book Publisher International

 

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) both expose the upper aerodigestive tract to injurious biological agents—viral particles and gastric refluxate, respectively. These exposures can trigger mucosal inflammation, oxidative stress, and genotoxic changes detectable through cytological and immunohistochemical evaluation.

 

Aim: This study aimed to assess genotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in exfoliated mucosal cells of individuals with suspected COVID-19 and patients with LPR, and to evaluate epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)–related markers to understand early mucosal remodelling.

 

Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study conducted at AIIMS, Mangalagiri, between August 2022 and February 2024.

 

Methods: Exfoliated buccal or pharyngeal mucosal samples were collected from 86 COVID-19-suspected individuals (18–45 years) undergoing RT-PCR testing and from clinically diagnosed LPR patients with healthy controls. Smears were stained using the Papanicolaou technique for cytological analysis, and immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) and EMT markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin). Micronucleated cells, inflammatory infiltrates, and oxidative marker expression were quantified. Statistical analysis was done using independent t-tests and ANOVA, with significance set at p < 0.05.

 

Results: COVID-19 RT-PCR–positive subjects showed significantly elevated micronucleated cells, total micronuclei, and inflammatory cell counts compared to RT-PCR–negative individuals, along with intense 8-OHdG expression indicating marked oxidative DNA damage. LPR patients similarly demonstrated increased oxidative stress with strong 8-OHdG staining and higher micronucleated cell frequencies than healthy controls. While E-cadherin expression remained largely preserved, N-cadherin showed moderate upregulation in LPR patients, suggesting an early EMT-related cadherin shift. Both conditions exhibited a reduced epithelial-to-inflammatory cell ratio, reflecting ongoing mucosal injury and remodelling.

 

Conclusion: Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and chronic laryngopharyngeal reflux exert measurable genotoxic and oxidative effects on mucosal epithelial cells. The increased micronuclei formation, heightened 8-OHdG expression, and early EMT-associated changes indicate genomic instability and mucosal remodelling driven by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings underscore the importance of early detection and targeted interventions to prevent progression toward long-term mucosal damage and potential malignant transformation.

Author(s) Details

Yogita Poojari
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Ambati Gowtham Sai
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

B Vishnu
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Pranav Donkada
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Hemanth Bonamsetty
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Senthil Murugan
Department of Antomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

P K Sankaran
Department of Antomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-50-3

SARS CoV2 Toxicity in Buccal Cells | Book Publisher International

 Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID-19 by infecting nasal and oral cavities primarily by attaching its spike proteins to ACE 2 receptors expressed in epithelial cells.

 

Aim: This study was done to evaluate the micronucleated cell count, metanuclear abnormalities, and genotoxic factor in exfoliated buccal mucosal cell among the COVID-19 suspected patients.

 

Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at AIIMS, Mangalagiri, between August and October 2022. Methods: One hundred COVID-19 suspected patients were recruited for this study after obtaining informed and written consent; buccal smear was obtained and stained for papanicolaou test (PAP). The PAP-stained slides were analyzed for micronuclei (MN), pyknotic, karyolytic, and karyorrhexic cell count, respectively. Based on their reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) report, the patients were grouped into COVID-19 positive and negative groups. Statistical Analysis: The genotoxicity factor was calculated using the micronucleated cell count from both the groups using mean and standard deviation.

 

Results: The MN, micronucleated cell, pyknotic, karyolitic, and karyorrhexic cell count in COVID-19 positive patients were 24.12, 15.24, 3.08, 2.88 and 4.40, respectively, than COVID-19 negative patients 5.69, 8.17, 1.08, 1.00 and 2.43, respectively. The genotoxicity factor for SARS-CoV-2 was 2.68 which is a positive genotoxic effect on buccal mucosal cells.

 

Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 increases the expression of micronucleated cells, pyknotic cells, karyolytic cells, and karyorhexic cells and concludes SARS-CoV-2 is having cytogenotoxic effect on the buccal mucosal cells. This can be used as a reliable marker in identifying the early carcinogenic effects of virus causing COVID-19.

Author(s) Details:

B Vishnu,
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.

P K Sankaran,
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SCVTBC/article/view/13841