An Examination of the Stress Experiences International Students Face in American Universities| Chapter 3 | Current Research in Language, Literature and Education Vol.8

 The pressure sources and levels of global understudies learning at American colleges were explored corresponding to their group standing, orientation, and English language familiarity. The exploration results demonstrated that the main stressor for female understudies was "Worries about the future (graduation, business, marriage, etc.)". Though, the main stressor for guys was connected with "Scholarly weights (grades, troublesome classes, exorbitant schoolwork, etc.)." A massive distinction among guys and females was seen concerning an "Lacking direction program for rookies at the college". It was likewise found that male understudies had a higher normal than female understudies. With respect to "Insufficient direction program for rookies at the college," a reasonable distinction was seen among first year recruits and seniors. This finding showed that first year recruits had a far more noteworthy requirement for direction than seniors. It was found that the connection between feelings of anxiety and English language capability was at medium level, unfavorable and critical. It was found that the feeling of anxiety didn't fundamentally change concerning orientation. The feeling of anxiety of rookies was viewed as higher than senior and graduate understudies at a critical level. The outcomes were deciphered as far as predominant writing and Singles Counseling Theory. A few ideas were proposed to guiding focuses, worldwide workplaces, English preliminary projects and teachers of colleges.

Author(s) Details:

Kamile Bahar Aydin,
Department of Psychology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Turkey and Georgia State University, GA, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CRLLE-V8/article/view/7931

International Investment Law Cannot Limit the State's Regulation | Chapter 12 |New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 7

 Recognize international investment law as a component of international law control and management, then study the interactions between foreign investors and the host country's government, contrasting it with the role of state regulation. It was detailed how a qualitative case study was used in the research and how source material was collected to express the role of international investment regulations. The researcher contacted representatives from the United Kingdom, the United States, and China to obtain some implementation examples. A complete comparison was made after a careful assessment of the literature from the United Kingdom and the United States. Some of the study's findings are as follows: (1) After explaining the main procedural and substantive issues, we identify the restriction of the foreign investment role in providing protection for foreign investors against state regulation, based on these interpretations of international investment law. (2) There is no comprehensive or integrated international treaty on foreign investment regulation. (3) After completing a study of the function of investment law in preventing investor rights in jurisprudence, international investment law can be considered one of the pioneers for investor protection. (4) With the growth of international investment and the number of corporations operating in foreign nations, the application of public international law's main notions has been regarded insufficient to control foreign investment.

Author(S) Details

Eman Adel Eid Hassan
Ahram Candian University, 6th of October City, Egypt.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NIEBM-V7/article/view/6397

Are Estimates of Target Capital Structures Meaningful? Evidence from International Data | Chapter 3 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 3

 The writers of this book chapter examined leverage and debt maturity targeting in a large international environment in a research published recently in the Journal of Risk and Financial Management. Prior research has looked at whether firm actions inferred from various leverage models are consistent with the theory's predictions. Earlier research examining the tradeoff theory of capital structure regressed observed leverage ratios on proxies for the costs of financial distress, agency conflicts, and debt tax benefits, under the assumption that the model is a good first order approximation of the equilibrium. Due to financial frictions, firms do not often function at their optimal leverage, implying that the observed capital structure is a noisy proxy for the goal capital structure. The study provided a new empirical test of target behaviour based on capital structure targets and target deviations, which differed from the usual approach. If the predicted capital structure objectives are accurate, the impact of issues like bankruptcy, agency, and information asymmetry costs on firms' target capital structures should be consistent with the theory. Furthermore, a company that is not at the leverage objective should take steps to move closer to the target. These behaviours should vary each firm depending on their environment, as different circumstances necessitate varied responses to shocks. The theory would be reliable if it accurately predicted the capital structure targets and target deviations depending on the firm's institutional, financial, and macroeconomic context. While the current debate over the role of national institutions is centred on observed leverage and observed debt maturity as proxies for optimal leverage and optimal debt maturity, the study estimated optimal leverage and optimal debt maturity using a variety of reliable empirical models and used these estimates as key measures in subsequent tests. The authors found that the relative impact of institutional determinants in explaining actual vs desired capital structures differs significantly. The institutional context is likely to influence targets and target deviations. Firms in nations with strong legal institutions aim for lower leverage and more long-term debt, while those in countries with better financial systems aim for lower target leverage and long-term debt. Because of the financial crisis, the desirable structure of securities has shifted toward shorter maturities, resulting in more frequent target deviations. Target deviations are substantially less likely in better institutions. Variations in external finance costs, as measured by the quality of legal institutions, the country's financial development, and financial crisis periods, are a major driver of target deviations.

Author(S) Details

Ali Gungoraydinoglu
College of Business, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA.

Özde Öztekin
College of Business, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NIEBM-V3/article/view/5071

Cyber Diplomacy | Book Publisher International

 The great nations no longer rely simply on their armed forces, geographical size, population, and other factors in the new information age. Another powerful force in the world has emerged: information technology, which has had a profound impact on all elements of human existence, society, and governance. International relations and political science will undoubtedly be useful in this area. Cyber plays a vital function in this industry right now. While outlining the idea of cyber diplomacy and describing how it differs from cyber diplomacy in separate chapters, this book also explains the components of cyber diplomacy, its applications, and why diplomats in foreign ministries believe it necessary. I'll give examples of cyber diplomacy in industrialised countries and discuss the consequences of ignoring cyber diplomacy.

Author(s) Details

Saeed Seyed Agha Banihashemi
School of International Relations of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iran.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CD/article/view/2329