Modulation of Caloric Responses by the Otolithic Organs: Implications for Vestibular Function and Fall Prevention in Bipedal Humans | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 6

Objective: It has been documented in the literature that caloric responses are reduced, but not absent with the lateral semicircular canal in a horizontal position. This chapter addresses what contributions to the caloric response are made by the macula of the utricle and saccule, and their contribution to how the vestibular system functions in Earth’s only bipedal mammal. This study has also discussed the complexity of balance maintenance, emphasizing the importance of the poorly understood striated organelle (STO). This structure is a contractile protein complex and is fundamental to balance function in all animals and up to now, its significance in the only mammalian biped has previously been poorly appreciated and almost disregarded.

Methods: This study is a prospective case series which was arranged and conducted at a tertiary and quaternary care teaching hospital. Two normal subjects underwent “horizontal” calorics to document caloric response with the lateral semicircular canal in the horizontal position. This assessment was also carried out on eight sequential patients who were documented to have otolithic disease (as documented by abnormal VEMP assessment). Two sets of caloric tests (standard and horizontal) were carried out on our subjects. Patients underwent identical caloric assessment after CVEMP and OVEMP assessment. VEMPs were scored as either normal or abnormal for each parameter assessed. Caloric tests were scored using the standard slow-phase velocity measurements for each one.

Results: Patients with otolithic abnormalities showed different caloric results in the horizontal position than is suggested in the literature and was shown by our two normal subjects.

Conclusions: Caloric responses are modulated by head position and in patients with otolithic pathology, semicircular canal function is further modulated, as caloric responses are different in patients than in normals when the lateral semicircular canal orientation to gravity is changed. Our results suggest that the otoliths mediate caloric responses.

 

Author (s) Details

NS Longridge
Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada.

 

AI Mallinson
Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada.

 

DD Pothier
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.

 

J Rutka
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v6/4195

Study About Size Dimorphism and Directional Selection in Forest Millipedes | Chapter 2 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 In the diplopod genus Centrobolus, sexual size dimorphism (SSD) has a positive connection with body size. Spirobolida diplopod species can be identified using size criteria. The key components of interspecific variation in diplopod species are length, width, and rings. In six species, interspecific size variation was estimated, and data sets were checked for normality. All of the data that was observed and tested was normal. The goal was to use MEDCALC® to measure and compare intersexual variation (coefficients of variation) in length and width in nine species. There was a considerable directional selection for slender males in C. digrammus, C. inscriptus, and C. silvanus.

Author(s) Details:

Mark Cooper,
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5863

Study on Size Dimorphism in Six Juliform Millipedes | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 8

 

The goal of this work was to explain Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genera Bicoxidens, Doratogonus, Harpagophora, Julomorpha, and Orthoporoides, in which length, width, and rings are the primary components of interspecific variation. The data sets for B. brincki Schubart, [1] D. annulipes Carl, 1917, H. spirobolina (Karsch, 1881), J. hilaris Attems, 1928, J. panda (Attems, 1928), and O. tabulinus (Attems, 1914) were checked for normality. Male and female lengths differed in all species except J. hilaris, which had differing widths. Juliform millipedes appear to have shrunk in size through time, and this study reveals an intriguing finding: larger species have sexual dimorphism based on length, while smaller species have sexual dimorphism based on width. This is because of the limits imposed by a cylindrical body form, which may be modified more forcefully by reducing width than than length.

Author(S) Details

Mark Cooper
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V8/article/view/5385

Study on Year-round Correlation between Mass and Copulation Duration in Forest Millipedes | Chapter 9 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 8

 Diet, copulation time, copulation energy expenditure, oxygen intake, precipitation, sex, and temperature are all factors that influence diplopod size. In the diplopod genus Centrobolus, sexual size dimorphism (SSD) has a positive connection with body size and copulation duration. The goal of this study was to see if body mass was connected to copulation duration over the course of a year. In forest millipedes, intraspecific variation in mass was assessed and linked with copulation duration (R2=0.68, d.f.=7, p=0.01). In forest millipede species, interspecific variation in mass was assessed and linked with copulation duration (R=0.6711, R2=0.4504, p=0.144473, n= 3, 3).

Author(S) Details

Mark Cooper
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V8/article/view/5383

Longer Males Determined with Positive Skew and Kurtosis in Centrobolus (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Pachybolidae) | Chapter 8 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 8

 In the diplopod genus Centrobolus, sexual size dimorphism (SSD) displays a positive connection with body size width. The key components of interspecific variation in diplopod species are length, width, and rings. In six species, interspecific size variation was estimated with the goal of testing data sets for skewness and kurtosis. Positive skew and positive kurtosis were found in 28 of the values, while negative skew and negative kurtosis were found in 8 of the values. The width was positively skewed in six situations and negatively skewed in four. Except for C. titanophilus, all six species had a positive length skew. When there existed size assortative mating behaviour, it was considered that longer males had a higher reproductive success due to a female preference for the greater size.

Author(S) Details

Mark Cooper
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V8/article/view/5382

An Advanced Study on the Impact of Varying Degrees of Underground Accidental Explosions on Underground Pipes by Simulation | Chapter 2 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

 The detonation of solid, liquid, or gas explosive materials stored beneath the ground surface causes underground accidental explosions. Underground explosions can occur in both sand and undrained clay, with varying degrees of impact on underground structures. The effects of varying degrees of underground accidental explosions on underground pipes were studied using the ABAQUS numerical code in this study. Pipes buried at various depths below the ground surface in loose sand, dense sand, and undrained clay were modeled. Several researchers' discoveries about material properties were used. Materials for pipes and soil were restricted to linear, elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic properties. Displacement, pressure, mises, stress, and strain were measured at the crown, invert, and spring-line of vertically and horizontally buried underground pipes. The findings revealed that, regardless of the ground media, displacement increases linearly as the loading wave velocity increases, whereas clay soil (i.e. undrained clay) is problematic. Even though the results vary widely due to dilations and compressions caused by the transient stress pulse of the compression wave, the observed parameters increase as the loading wave velocity increases. This research has shown that higher loading wave velocity results in higher displacement, which in turn results in higher induced moment and stress when multiplied by the corresponding distances. As a result, accidental explosion resistant evaluation of underground installations such as pipes is required in order to have an optimal design of underground structures such as pipes that can withstand the effects of underground accidental explosions.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Akinola Johnson Olarewaju
Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IREGES-V9/article/view/1506