Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: A Re-emerging Zoonosis| Chapter 5 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

One of the public health challenges is the control of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), as this viral zoonotic disease infects both animals and humans, sometimes leading to death. In 2016, prevalence rates were between 20 and 30% in Iraq, Iran and Turkey in cattle, camels and sheep. CCHF has been identified as potentially endemic throughout Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The re-emergence of this endemic disease in certain regions, including Iraq, has highlighted the need for more documented information and reliable data regarding its transmission, infection patterns, and prevention strategies. The aim of this review is to discuss the taxonomy and structure of the causative virus, mode of transmission, clinical forms, and possible prevention of infection. The causative virus consists of a globular RNA genome particle with a segmented negative-sense encapsulated in a lipid structure containing or in direct contact with infected viral glycoproteins. Infection usually occurs by ticks, human or animal tissue, or blood. The causative virus has a high ability to transmit Infection in areas with mammals, whether large or small, such as rabbits and cattle. Animals are asymptomatic, while in people it is manifested by high fever and ends with hemorrhagic syndrome. The key measure to achieving prevention for this infection is avoiding tick bites by applying acaricides in livestock production farms. It is recommended to implement preventive measures to control tick vectors in endemic countries, and to encourage collaboration between clinical veterinarians, physicians and ecologists’ researchers.

 

Author (s) Details

Ozdan Akram Ghareeb
Pharmacy Department, Kirkuk Medical Technique Institute, Northern Technical University, Iraq.

 

Awni Ismail Sultan
Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v2/5610

An Update on Situation and Management Challenges of Recurrent Ebolavirus Disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo | Chapter 3 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is facing its tenth Ebolavirus (EVD) outbreak since August 2018. Ebola virus disease is a rare but deadly disease in people and non-human primates. The current Ebolavirus disease (EVD) outbreak in the provinces of North Kivu and Ituri is the tenth outbreak affecting the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); the first outbreak occurring in a war context, and the second most deadly Ebolavirus outbreak on record following the 2014 outbreak in West Africa. The primary aim of the study is to give an update on the situation of recurrent Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo and provide insight into the challenges associated with managing and controlling the disease. The DRC government’s response consisted of applying a package of interventions including detection and rapid isolation of cases, contact tracing, population mapping, and identification of high-risk areas to inform a coordinated effort. The coordinated effort was to screen, ring vaccinate, and conduct laboratory diagnoses using GeneXpert (Cepheid) polymerase chain reaction. The effort also included ensuring safe and dignified burials and promoting risk communication, community engagement, and social mobilization. Following the adoption of the “Monitored Emergency Use of Unregistered Products Protocol,” a randomized controlled trial of four investigational treatments (mAb114, ZMapp, and REGN- EB3 and Remdesivir) was carried out with all consenting patients with laboratory-confirmed EVD. REGN-EB3 and mAb114 showed promise as treatments for EVD. In addition, one investigational vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV-GP) was used first, followed by a second prophylactic vaccine (Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo) to reinforce the prevention. Although the provision of clinical supportive care remains the cornerstone of EVD outbreak management, the DRC response faced daunting challenges including general insecurity, violence and community resistance, appalling poverty, and entrenched distrust of authority. Ebolavirus remains a public health threat. Fully curative treatment is unlikely to be a game-changer given the settings of transmission, zoonotic nature, limits of the effectiveness of any therapeutic intervention, and timing of presentation.

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Joseph Inungu
College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University, Michigan, United States.

 

Kechi Iheduru-Anderson
Central Michigan University, Michigan, United States.

 

Ossam J. Odio
Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v6/8299E