Showing posts with label ground. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ground. Show all posts

Wednesday, 31 January 2024

Microstructure Analysis of Al-7 wt%Si Alloy Solidified on Earth Compared to Similar Experiments in Microgravity: An Update | Chapter 3 | Effect of Microgravity and Magnetic Steering on the Melt Flow and the Microstructure of Solidified Alloys

 This chapter highlights a comparative overview of the grain structure (especial the CET) and the type of the coarsening process of the secondary dendrite arm (especially the kinetic constant n) of the samples solidified in space and the Earth to get information on the effect of buoyancy flow. During ground-based solidification, buoyancy flow can develop by the density difference in the hypoeutectic type of the alloy, such as Al-7 wt% Si alloy. Buoyancy flow can affect the thermal field, solute distribution in the melt, and the position and amount of the new grains. Under microgravity conditions, natural convection does not exist or is strongly damped due to the absence of the buoyancy force. Therefore, experiments in microgravity conditions provide unique benchmark data for pure diffusive solidification conditions. Compared to the results of the ground-based and microgravity ( µ g) experiments, it is possible to get information on the effect of gravity (buoyancy force). In the framework of the CETSOL project, four microgravity solidification experiments were performed on grain-refined (GF) and non-grain refined Al-7 wt% Si alloy onboard the International Space Station in the Materials Science Laboratory. Four ground-based (GB) experiments were performed under Earth -like conditions with the same (similar) solidification parameters in a vertical Bridgman-type furnace. A detailed analysis of the grain structure and amount of eutectic and secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) for different process conditions is reported and compared with the results of the microgravity experiments. GB experiments showed that the microstructure was columnar in the samples that do not contain GF material or in case the solid/liquid (vSL front velocity was slow (0.02 mm/s)). In contrast, in the GF material sample, progressive columnar/equiaxed transition (PCET) was observed at vSL = 0.077 mm/s and GSL = 3.9 K/mm. The secondary (SDAS) dendrite arm spacing follows the well-known power law, SADS = K[ t0 ]1/3  where K is a constant, and t0 is the local solidification time for both GB and µg experiments. The experiments in microgravity conditions provide unique benchmark data for pure diffusive solidification conditions. Compared to the results of the ground-based and microgravity experiments, it is possible to get information on the effect of gravity (buoyancy force).

Author(s) Details:

András Roósz,
HUN REN- University of Miskolc, Materials Science Research Group, Hungary and Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metal Forming, and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, Hungary.

Arnold Rónaföldi,
HUN REN- University of Miskolc, Materials Science Research Group, Hungary and Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metal Forming, and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, Hungary.

Yuze Li,
School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710100, China.

Nathalie Mangelinck-Noël,
Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, 13013 Marseille, France.

Gerhard Zimmermann,
ACCESS e.V., Intzestrasse 5, D-52072, Aachen, Germany.

Henri Nguyen-Thi,
Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, 13013 Marseille, France.

Mária Svéda,
HUN REN- University of Miskolc, Materials Science Research Group, Hungary.

Zsolt Veres,
HUN REN- University of Miskolc, Materials Science Research Group, Hungary and Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metal Forming, and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, Hungary.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EMMSMFMSA/article/view/13078

Monday, 21 June 2021

Impacts of Pollution: Leaking Septic Tanks on Groundwater Quality in Owerri Southeastern, Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 5

 The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of leaking septic tanks on groundwater quality in Owerri Municipal. The study was conducted at the Department of Geosciences at the Federal University of Technology Owerri and the Department of Chemistry at the Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, from January 2013 to May 2014.


Methodology: Chemical and geophysical analyses were used to conduct geophysical and geochemical analyses. Longitudes 6o59'E to 7o06'E and Latitudes 5o33'N define Owerri Municipal. It is located in the sands of the coastal plains. The quality of groundwater was determined by collecting samples from three different locations, Amakohia, Naze, and Nekede, and performing physiochemical analyses on each to determine the nature of dissolved substances in the groundwater. The samples' physiochemical parameters, such as bulk density, porosity, and permeability, were also determined. The vertical electrical sounding method was used to obtain a description of the lithology and aquifer parameters. The sample density ranged from 1.49 to 1.98 mg/L, the porosity values ranged from 0.20 to 0.38, and the permeability ranged from 0.053 mg/L to 2.49 mg/L. The chemical analysis revealed that some heavy metals had concentrations that exceeded WHO standards. Iron ranges from 18.6 to 63.9 mg/L, nickel is 7.5 mg/L, and manganese is 0.46 mg/L. The topsoil resistivity ranges from 618 m to 3800 m. A layer of low resistivity indicating clay and clayey sand extends to 60 m at Naze, 60 m at Nekede, and 50 m at Amakohia, with an average resistivity range of 7500 m. Beyond these depths, resistivity is high, with an average depth of 3500 m. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the subsurface is permeable, implying that traces of heavy metals present in the samples are contained in leachets from surrounding environments, such as septic tanks or industrial activities on the surface. Groundwater quality in this environment can be improved by recommending boreholes drilled from 70 m, where leachet permeability is negligible. The high concentration of some heavy metals is suspected to be present in the leachets, which could have infiltrated the environment as a result of human deposits and industrial activities.

Author (s) Details

V. N. Nwugha
Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State Nigeria and Department of Basic Sciences, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, P.M.B. 1033 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

P. I. Okeke
Department of Basic Sciences, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, P.M.B. 1033 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

U. R. Emeronye
Department of Basic Sciences, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, P.M.B. 1033 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V5/article/view/1617