Recent Approaches to Chlorinating Reagents: An Overview | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Chlorination is the most important substitution reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of organic compounds can be substituted by chlorine. The reaction provides the opportunity to synthesize chloro-derivative of organic substrates. The chloro-substituted compounds are valuable substrate in organic synthesis. The various reagents can be used to carry out chlorination reaction under specified reaction condition. The frequently used chlorinating reagents for carrying the chlorination smoothly under the different reaction condition are Chlorine gas with sunlight, sulfuryl Chloride in combination with peroxide, Chlorine in presence of Lewis acid such as anhyd. AlCl3 or anhyd. FeCl3, HCl or KCl with oxidant such as potassium peroxymonosulfate, stannic chloride and lead tetraacetate in DCM, sodium chlorite and trichloroacetic acid, acetyl chloride and ceric ammoniumnitrate. These reagents can be used either to form mono, di or poly chloro-derivaties of the organic substrate. Moreover, there is also the possibility of getting mixture of products. However, in some cases it becomes very important to control the reaction to monochlorinaton stage. So, there is always a necessity to search for chlorinating reagents which are safe to use and brings about the formation of only monochloroderivate as exclusive product.
 
The substitution of hydrogen atoms of aromatic rings via chlorination can also take place readily and is very valuable reaction in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. The chloro-derivatives of aromatic compounds are very useful in production of fungicides, insecticides, dye and pharmaceutical. They served the role of additive in the preparation. The chloro-derivaties are also served as valuable starting material in various transformations for the synthesis of various organic compounds of biological and medicinal interest. Several methods for chlorination are reported in literature.

Author(s) Details:

Deepak Sharma,
Department of Chemistry, Govt. P. G. College, Ambala Cantt, India.

Abha Chaudhary,
Department of Chemistry, Govt. P. G. College, Ambala Cantt, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDSTSF/article/view/13383

Determining Residual Service Life of Concrete Structures Based on Experimental Data | Chapter 9 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 6

 

For the purpose of assessing the current condition of RC structures, a ten point (0-9) condition rating system is established based on the values of concrete cover, carbonation depth, and chloride content at rebar depth discovered through in-situ tests. Proposed condition ratings have been related to priorities for upkeep, examination, and replacement. A model (Figure 1) similar to Tutti's model (1982) has been constructed and provided in this study to predict the remaining service life of a decaying structure by evaluating the existing condition of RC structures.

Author(s) Details:

Sanjeev Kumar Verma,
School of Engineering and Technology, SAGE University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Sudhir Singh Bhadauria,
University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidhalaya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Saleem Akhtar,
Department of Civil Engineering, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidhalaya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V6/article/view/7606