HER2 in Bladder Cancer: Molecular Biology, Prognostic Value, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies| Chapter 3 | Newer Frontiers in Urology, Volume II

 

Introduction: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for nearly 75–80% of newly diagnosed bladder cancers and is marked by frequent recurrence and a variable risk of progression. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) has emerged as a biologically relevant oncogenic driver in urothelial carcinoma, but its prognostic and therapeutic significance in NMIBC remains incompletely defined.

 

Aim: This review synthesises current evidence on HER2 biology, molecular associations, prognostic relevance, and therapeutic implications in bladder cancer, with a focus on NMIBC.

 

Results: HER2 overexpression and amplification are enriched in high-grade tumours, advanced stages, luminal molecular subtypes, and aggressive histological variants, and are associated with disease progression and resistance to intravesical BCG therapy. Despite strong biological rationale, conventional HER2-targeted therapies have shown limited efficacy in urothelial carcinoma due to heterogeneous expression, discordance between protein overexpression and gene amplification, and complex downstream signalling. In contrast, emerging antibody–drug conjugates demonstrate promising clinical activity, including in tumours with low or heterogeneous HER2 expression.

 

Conclusion: HER2 represents a clinically meaningful biomarker and therapeutic target in bladder cancer. Standardised HER2 assessment integrated with molecular profiling may refine risk stratification and enable precision-guided therapies, particularly for patients with high-risk or treatment-refractory NMIBC.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vijayanand Mani
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Bhavyadeep Korrapati
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Velmurugan Palaniyandi
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Hariharasudhan Sekar
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-68-8/CH3

 

Novel Model of HIV-AIDS Epidemics with Vaccination | Chapter 3 | Research and Applications Towards Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 8

The principles of the HIV-AIDS epidemics and the relations of susceptible, HIV infected, AIDS, and immunized subpopulation will be established. We would like to develop a general mathematical modeling for HIV - AIDS with Vaccination to understand the spread of the aids virus and to predict the number of infected individuals during a certain period in a population. Further we expand the research to special cases with no vaccinations. We will investigate the model in special case when the removal subset of the population is empty, or there is no recovery in this epidemic. We also can consider the total infected number is equal to the sum of the HIV infected and the number of AIDS infected. As a result, we can use SIR Monte Carlo simulation method in SIR case to verify the Validity of the HIV-AIDS model.

Author(s) Details:

Reza R. Ahangar,
Mathematics Department, Texas A & M University Kingsville, United States.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RATMCS-V8/article/view/13070

Prevalence of Amoebic Liver Abscess (ALA) for IgG Anti-body Titers among Patients in Bangui, Central African Republic | Chapter 5 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

This member determines the predominance of ALA and the titer of IgG anti amoebic in inmates suspected accompanying ALA in Bangui. In addition, we also analyzed the results concerning the sex age of the things and other risk determinants. The diagnosis of amebic liver abscess is occasionally difficult because its clinical exhibitions are highly changeable. In areas of endemicity, amebic liver swelling should always be doubtful in a patient with turmoil, weight loss, and right superior quadrant intestinal pain and tenderness.A cross localized study was performed whereby all dispassionate or suspected ALA victims’ who were admitted to the National Laboratory middle from two points January 2018 - October 2020. The diagnosis of ALA was doubtful based on clinical syndromes of; fever, intestinal pain (usually in the right hypochondrium or large stomach) and clinical signs of hepatomegaly and/or tender liver accompanying or without jaundice and intestinal ultra-sonography. The higher antitoxin titer response against in ALA subjects could be exhibitive of a more intense engagement of the invulnerable system accompanying the pathogen in the liver during obtrusive disease. ALA inmates’ IgG antibody titers were calculated by Indirect Hemmaglutination Assay and Chi-square test was used. A total of 1249 ALA patients were contained, among whom 570 (45.64%) were definite. Of these, 244 (42.08%) had titer 1:160 or less, 223 patients’ (39.13%) had titer ranging from 1:320 to 1:640 and 103 sufferers (18.07%) had strong titer grazing from 1:1280 to 1:2560. The association betwixt antibody titer results, age and sex was no meaningful (p = 1.0000). Our findings display a high prevalence of ALA and show no meaningful difference 'tween the sex and age ALA subjects. Sex dependent differences resistance and resistance to many contaminations in particular amoebiasis disease enhance unquestionably an growing field of interest.

 Author(s) Details:

Wilfrid Sylvain Nambei,

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR).

Edwige Régina Kodia-Lenguetama,

National Center of Blood Donors’, Ministry of Public Health, Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR).

Junior Nguerenam-Ouefio,

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR).

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V3/article/view/11238