Microgravity, Bone Homeostasis, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1: A Review | Chapter 01 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 16

 Despite their devotion to high-impact exercise training regimens and meals high in minerals, potassium, calcium, and vitamin D, astronauts are at danger of losing 1.0-1.5 percent of their bone mass for every month they stay in space, all of which are designed to preserve the skeletal system. The anatomy and function of osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and their mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cell origins are discussed in this chapter, as well as how exposure to microgravity or simulated microgravity affects them. It goes through the importance of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its receptor insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (GF1-R) in maintaining bone homeostasis, as well as how microgravity impacts the activity of these growth factors in bone cells. Finally, it discusses the potential of TRAIL, syncytin-A, sclerostin inhibitors, and recombinant IGF-1 (rIGF-1) as bone-saving therapy for astronauts in space and during moon colonisation. IGF-1 and its receptor, IGF1R, are important at all stages of bone development, encouraging both radial and linear bone growth.

 
Author(S) Details

John Kelly Smith
Departments of Academic Affairs and Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 70300, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.

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Influence of Berberine on Megakaryocyte and Apoptotic Cell Populations in Erosive Arthritis | Chapter 9 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 Berberine (BB) is a protoberberine alkaloid that has a broad range of pharmacological activities and is a Janus kinase (Jak)2/3 inhibitor. However, the mechanisms of berberine's anti-inflammatory effects on joints are still unclear. The aim of this study was to see how berberine affected apoptosis and the generation of senescent cells. The tests were carried out in a mouse model of erosive arthritis caused by intra-articular (i.a.) zymosan injection (zymosan-induced arthritis, ZIA). Sudan Black B (SBB) staining was used to determine histopathologic changes. TRAP and -galactosidase staining is used to determine the differentiation of bone marrow (BM) cells. Flowcytometry was used to assess apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. Berberine reduced the production of apoptotic and senescent cells in the BM and bone, as well as the development of TRAIL-induced osteoclasts. In synovial cells, the alkaloid had no effect on the expression of anti-apoptotic BcL-2 but did increase the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax. Berberine decreased the amount of megakaryocytes in the BM. Berberine blocked the accelerated production of apoptotic and senescent cells in arthritic mice, potentially reducing joint inflammation.

Author (s) Details

Lyudmila Belenska-Todorova
Medical Faculty, Sofia University, Bulgaria.

Prof. Nina Ivanovska
Institute of Microbiology, Department of Immunology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

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