Machining Properties of Neem and Cassia Wood: Comparative Analysis of Sapwood and Heartwood | Chapter 8 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

Wood machining is a procedure employed to evaluate the performance of various wood species following planning, shaping, turning, boring, mortising, and sanding. Inadequate wood machining produces excessive waste, resulting in diminished recovery in wood processing. Consequently, the accessibility of suitable wood machining processes can enhance the efficient use. Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Senna siamea have not been widely advocated for use in the wood industry in Ghana due to a lack of technical information on their machining properties, categorising them as lesser-used timber species. This study investigated the planning and turning properties of Neem (A. indica A. Juss) and Cassia (S. siamea), two wood species from Ghana. The trees were selected based on the straightness of their trunks to ensure their suitability for construction purposes. Sample preparation was performed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials International D1666-87-2004 method for evaluating machining qualities of wood. Six planning operations were conducted, producing 100 test specimens per operation and rated according to ASTM D 1666-87. The grading of the planned samples was conducted via visual inspection, and the samples were assessed and categorised into four quality grades, based on the severity of the identified defects. The turning test was performed via a single-point lathe, with the turning shapes adhering to the ASTM D 1666-87 criteria. The results showed that Cassia heartwood, with an average of 76.3%, outperformed Neem heartwood, which averaged 70.1%, in the planning process. Optimal surface quality was achieved with a 15° rake angle and a feed speed of 9 m/min for both sapwood and heartwood of the species. The intensity of chipped or torn grain defects decreased with reduced rake angles of 15° at a feed speed of 9 m/min during planning. A rotation speed of 2000 rpm produced favourable turning outcomes for both Neem and Cassia, suggesting it as a suitable speed for machining these woods. The planning and turning properties of Neem and Cassia are comparable to those of Oak, Poplar, and Pine. Therefore, these two species could be utilised in the timber sector to alleviate pressure on declining primary timbers, reduce the destruction of vital timber species, sustain the timber industry, support sustainable forest management strategies, and enhance revenue generation in Ghana. The study recommends further research on the natural durability, preservative treatability, and broader working properties of these species to facilitate their full integration into the wood industry.

 

 

Author(s) Details

John Lawer Narh
Accra Technical University, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra, Ghana.

 

Emmanuel Appiah-Kubi
Constuction and Wood Technology Department, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Kumasi, Ghana.

 

Peter Kessels Dadzie
Faculty of Built and Natural Environment, Department of Interior Design and Materials Technology, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6818

Machining Properties of Neem and Cassia Wood: Comparative Analysis of Sapwood and Heartwood | Chapter 8 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

Wood machining is a procedure employed to evaluate the performance of various wood species following planning, shaping, turning, boring, mortising, and sanding. Inadequate wood machining produces excessive waste, resulting in diminished recovery in wood processing. Consequently, the accessibility of suitable wood machining processes can enhance the efficient use. Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Senna siamea have not been widely advocated for use in the wood industry in Ghana due to a lack of technical information on their machining properties, categorising them as lesser-used timber species. This study investigated the planning and turning properties of Neem (A. indica A. Juss) and Cassia (S. siamea), two wood species from Ghana. The trees were selected based on the straightness of their trunks to ensure their suitability for construction purposes. Sample preparation was performed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials International D1666-87-2004 method for evaluating machining qualities of wood. Six planning operations were conducted, producing 100 test specimens per operation and rated according to ASTM D 1666-87. The grading of the planned samples was conducted via visual inspection, and the samples were assessed and categorised into four quality grades, based on the severity of the identified defects. The turning test was performed via a single-point lathe, with the turning shapes adhering to the ASTM D 1666-87 criteria. The results showed that Cassia heartwood, with an average of 76.3%, outperformed Neem heartwood, which averaged 70.1%, in the planning process. Optimal surface quality was achieved with a 15° rake angle and a feed speed of 9 m/min for both sapwood and heartwood of the species. The intensity of chipped or torn grain defects decreased with reduced rake angles of 15° at a feed speed of 9 m/min during planning. A rotation speed of 2000 rpm produced favourable turning outcomes for both Neem and Cassia, suggesting it as a suitable speed for machining these woods. The planning and turning properties of Neem and Cassia are comparable to those of Oak, Poplar, and Pine. Therefore, these two species could be utilised in the timber sector to alleviate pressure on declining primary timbers, reduce the destruction of vital timber species, sustain the timber industry, support sustainable forest management strategies, and enhance revenue generation in Ghana. The study recommends further research on the natural durability, preservative treatability, and broader working properties of these species to facilitate their full integration into the wood industry.

 

 

Author(s) Details

John Lawer Narh
Accra Technical University, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra, Ghana.

 

Emmanuel Appiah-Kubi
Constuction and Wood Technology Department, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Kumasi, Ghana.

 

Peter Kessels Dadzie
Faculty of Built and Natural Environment, Department of Interior Design and Materials Technology, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6818

Women’s Role in Watershed Management | Chapter 1 | New Advances in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 7

In this study, the roles of women in watershed management in the Calbayog Pan-as Hayiban Protected Landscape (CPHPL) in Calbayog City are identified to add to the expanding scientific body of information regarding women's participation in watershed protection. A systematic literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Scopus databases (for example, Science Direct). Data on Payment for Ecosystem Services in Calbayog City were used for willingness-to-pay analysis. A documentary review by the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) was conducted to highlight women’s participation in the watershed management and planning process. This study reveals that women are highly acknowledged and part of the planning process as representatives of their respective organisations. The decision of women to protect the watershed relies on the will of a political leader. On the other hand, women are hampered in their participation in watershed management because of the socio-cultural and institutional context. Moreover, from the WTP of women, it appears that the number of years of residency, age, bid amount offered, knowledge of watershed, and the perception that watershed is important in water supply are factors that affect their WTP.

 

Author (s) Details

Novlloyd Celeste
Northwest Samar State University, Calbayog City, Samar, Philippines.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nabme/v7/5122

Basic Planning Principles of an Artificial Wetland for Rural Settlements in Cold Climate Conditions | Chapter 11 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 5

 This division focuses on the planning of constructed wetlands in existent rural societies or prospective rural conclusions that must be re-planned on account of various elements in Fool settings. Swamp systems are divided into two groups as unaffected and artificial.   Affected wetlands are one of the strategies used to restore water for domestic or land purposes while minimizing environmental impact. An fake wetland plan sample was conceived in this study for residential wastewater situation in a village, that has cold climatic conditions, a discharged population of 350, and a climax of roughly 1750 m above sea level.  Swamp area accompanying two chambers of 0.7 m in depth, 20 m in width, and 40 m in distance was identified in addition to of the planning. The effluent water's Shape (Biological Oxygen Demand) advantage was determined to be 20.17 mg/L following in position or time 5.6 days of holding in the room.

Author(s) Details:

Yasemin Kuslu,
Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Department, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V5/article/view/12716

Essentials for Smart Sustainable Cities: Streamlining and Enabling Managers and Leaders for Effective Actions | Chapter 4 | Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 1

 This study aims to reduce the wide range of facts surrounding smart cities and extract the basics to enable managers and managers to take effective conduct toward fostering a smart tenable city culture and reality. The idea of smart cities is versatile, encompassing differing definitions and real-realm applications. To provide clearness to entrepreneurs and public managers, it enhances crucial to recognize the core attributes essential for a city attempt be labeled as "smart." To achieve this aim, a comprehensive biography review is undertaken, fixating on six widely cited and appropriate groups of indicators commonly secondhand in the domain of smart downtowns. Through meticulous study, the study identifies persisting themes, indicators, and keywords, distilling the concentrate of smart sustainable downtowns into a visually approachable scheme. While the useful implications of this study are clear in assisting managers to outline and execute smart city projects and actions, it also underlines the significance of policy mediations. A call is made to advance policies that motivate local initiatives while espousing the new decentralized and anthropocentric approach to smart sustainable capitals. In conclusion, this study not only provides priceless guidance for officers and managers navigating the complicatedness of smart cities but also advocates for life-changing policies that can drive a composite effort toward a tenable and smart urban future.

Author(s) Details:

Fabienne T. Schiavo,
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Brazil.

Cláudio F. de Magalhães,
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACST-V1/article/view/11861

Implication of Rural Population in Planning Local Community Development in Cameroon: A Need for Policy Reform | Chapter 2 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 13

In order to strengthen the decentralisation process in Cameroon, it is necessary to plan local community development. The population's involvement is critical in order for the local plan to reflect their true needs. However, especially in non-centralized societies, population engagement is not very high. The goal of this study is to find out what elements can influence a person's willingness to participate in the planning process at the village level. Data was collected from 108 respondents in the Bonalea and Dibamba councils using a standardised pre-tested questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the qualities that can influence their participation in the planning process. The results show that a person's involvement is influenced by his or her affiliation (membership) with a farmer's group as well as his or her knowledge of the program's operations. This recommends that the government should improve public awareness about the program's activities and the advantages of belonging to a farmer's organisation. The roots of the family had an impact on their engagement. A non-native of a community does not value participation in any development process in their new home, meaning that the government should design a separate plan for non-indigenes in communities, such as refugees.

Author (S) Details

Fon Dorothy Engwali
Department of Agricultural Economics; Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

Mengue Melongo Priscille Grace
Department of Agricultural Economics; Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAS-V13/article/view/3813