Determination of Revisiting Input and Output Hypotheses in Second Language Learning | Chapter 3 | Modern Perspectives in Language, Literature and Education Vol. 9

 The impact of both input and output hypotheses on second language learning is discussed in this article. In this aspect, there have been different viewpoints for decades. Several studies were examined (e.g., [1,2,3,4]) in order to gain a better understanding of which strategy is more recommended for language teachers. For many years, second-language teachers felt that learning a new language was dependent on the learners' exposure to the target language. The exposition should be above the students' level yet still understandable to them in order for them to learn effectively. This notion was debunked, however, when a second investigation found that the exposition was insufficient [4]. According to this new perspective, pupils must use the language in order to learn it. The output hypothesis generated new concepts that had a considerable impact on the field of language teaching. Although further research is needed, the author indicates that both techniques can be utilised in tandem.

Author (S) Details

Victor Birkner
University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom.

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Linear Discriminant Analysis a Useful Tool for Characterization of Pomegranate Growers | Chapter 11 | Current Strategies in Economics and Management Vol.6

 

An attempt has been made to focus and identify the discrete characteristics of the two contrast groups
determining pomegranate yield. It examines the difference between the two groups of Pomegranate
growers on the basis of some socio-economic characteristics, input application factors, managerial
factors and labour characteristics. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) has been used to discriminate
the Pomegranate cultivators belonging to two groups (high yielding and low yielding groups) based on
multiple characters simultaneously with an objective that which factors are prospective with respect to
yield attributing characters. Out of 48 different factors it is found that 22 factors have significant role in
Pomegranate production. Observed significant correlation between adoption index and realization
index in case of high and low yielding groups it also indicates that high yielding farmers who belongs
to lower size group are good adopters of technology. Pomegranate is a capital intensive orchard crop,
the level of adoption depends not only on quantum of inputs but also on the appropriate know-how
practices at the farm level. This study would be helpful to the pomegranate growers for making
decisions related to pomegranate production.

Author (s) Details

Dr. G. D. Rede
Department of Agricultural Economics at CSMSS, College of Agriculture, Kanchanwadi, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

Kalyan Bhattacharyya
Department of Agricultural Economics, BCKV, Mohanpur, (W.B), India.

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Research on Total Factor Productivity through the Ghosh Model: The Paradox of Developing Countries? | Chapter 4 | Current Strategies in Economics and Management Vol. 2

This study is an attempt to give an overview of the total factor productivity (TFP) through the Leontief - Ghosh system. In principle, the change in the technical factor of input matrix coefficient is due to a change in technology, but in some developing countries the total of intermediate input increase is not due to the influence of technological process changes but due to Other non-economic factors. The efficiency seen from the Leontief - Ghosh relationship is that the ratio of intermediate costs will be small and the rate of value added progressively to 1. In these cases the less efficient the economy lead to the aggregate factor productivity greater. Is that a paradox of developing countries? Do mathematical - economic models seem to make no sense in these cases? 

Author(s) Details

Prof. Dr. Sc Nguyen Quang Thai
Vietnam Development Research Institute, Vietnam Economic Association, Vietnam.

Dr. Bui Trinh
Vietnam Development Research Institute, Vietnam.

Tran Anh Duong
Quang Tri Statistics Office, General Statistics Office, Vietnam.

Nguyen Viet Phong
General Statistics Office, Vietnam.

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