Phytochemical Analysis, Isolated Ergosta-5,7,22-triene-3β,14α-diol (22Z) and Antimicrobial Activity of Kenyan Ganoderma lucidum | Chapter 6 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 7

Objectives: Evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity to test the Kenyan Ganoderma lucidum for phytochemicals. Study Design: extraction of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol; phytochemical study and anti-microbial activity of Kenyan G were analyzed. Mushroom Lucidum. Using spectral evidence and in reference to literature, structural determination of the isolated compound was achieved. The compound's antibacterial properties were carried out using the process of disc diffusion.

Study location and duration: Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Masinde Muliro, between January and November 2019.

Methodology: Sequential extraction of dried Kenyan G. samples. Lucidum was made using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents. Ganoderma lucidum extracts were isolated using chromatographic methods and compounds calculated using spectroscopic data and compared to the literature. The crude extracts and compounds were tested using the agar well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Criptococcus neoformans. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes have been tested against the compound. In particular, standard antibiotics were used; ampicillin was used as the control. The process of disc diffusion was used and inhibition zones were used to measure antibacterial activity after the respective incubation times.

Results: Terpenoids, sugars, phenolic compounds, glycosides and polyoses were found in the following category of compounds in the fungus. Hexane and methanol extracts demonstrated substantial activity against MRSA at (p= 0.022) while Streptococcus pyogenes (p= 0.05) was active against ethyl acetate extract. Ergosta-5, 7, 22-triene-3β, 14 a-diol (22Z) was isolated from the hexane extract of Ganoderma lucidum. A mixture of complex compounds was produced from ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Important activity against Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (p=0.022) and Streptococcus pyogenes (p=0.05) was demonstrated by Ergosta-5,7,22-triene-3β,14 alpha-diol (22Z). Streptococcus pyogenes was the microbe that was most susceptible.

Conclusion: Terpenoids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, glycosides, flavonoids and phytosterols are found in Kenya's Ganoderma lucidum. Against MRSA and Streptococcus pyogenes, crude extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) were involved. One major compound was isolated, characterized and antibacterial activity determined: Ergosta-5, 7, 22-triene-3β, 14 alpha-diol (22Z).

Author (s) Details

Dr. Danstone Lilechi Baraza
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.

Dr. Selline Ooko
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.

Mr. Peter Kuloba Nyongesa
Department of Biological Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.

Ebrahim Sande
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.

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Initial Events of Ganoderma lucidum Related to the Bacillus calmette-guérin Efficacy and Toxicity on Pre-malignant and Malignant Uroepithelial Cell Lines | Chapter 1 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

A novel prophylactic regimen is demanded for preventing bladder cancer recurrence, because of the high side-effect tolls of conventional adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy, in addition to its only moderate efficacy. In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated the anti-cancer properties of a medicinal mushroom called Ganoderma lucidum (GL). In this study, a pre-malignant human uroepithelial cell (HUC-PC) and malignant mouse bladder (MB49) cell models were utilized to compare the effectiveness between ethanol extract of GL (GLe) and BCG on interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity. Additionally, parameters relevant to the BCG efficacy and safety, including free soluble fibronectin (FN) and cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) levels were tested, following the exposure of GLe to the cells. GLe at 100 μg/ml and BCG at 4.8 × 107 CFU were shown to induce equivalent levels of IL-6 in HUC-PC cells, suggesting the potential synergism. GLe have also exhibited cytotoxic effects in both cell lines. During the initial four hours of GLe exposure, the free FN concentrations in harvested media were significantly reduced that might facilitate the binding of BCG for uroepithelial internalization to enhance BCG efficacy. Furthermore, the cell membrane-bound GAGs levels of HUC-PC cells were increased in response to GLe to suggest cellular protection from BCG infection. In summary, current findings suggest the potential additive synergism of GLe with the BCG efficacy, as well as its protective effects, and thus reducing the BCG toxicity. These support the recently reported in vivo tumor inhibitory effects of GLe exhibited in the MB49/C57 bladder cancer mice model. 

Author(s) Details

 Dr. John Wai-Man Yuen 
School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. 

Prof. Mayur-Danny I. Gohel
Department of Medical Science, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong, China. 

Chi-Fai Ng
SH HO Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

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