Analysis of Income Distribution and Price Elasticity in the Demand for Animal Protein Foods: A Case Study of Gombi Local Government, Adamawa State, Nigeria | Chapter 6 |Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 

This study evaluates household income and animal protein food intake in Gombi Local Government, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to examine the income distribution of the respondents in the study area and to identify the constraints to animal protein foods demand in the study area. The data used for the study were collected from 120 respondents in the four districts of the Local Government Area with the aid of a structured questionnaire using stratified random sampling techniques. Data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics, average propensity to consume, Gini Coefficient and Lorenz curve. Income differences and consumption consequences are highlighted by the findings. About 44% of respondents earn below N40,000, 38% below N60,000, and 19% above N60,000. Low-income predominance shows challenges in meeting household demands, supporting Simon's [1] claim that spendable income affects consumption. Respondents earning between N20,000 and N60,000 had the highest average consumption propensity, supporting Jhingan's [2] finding that lower-income groups consume more. The study's Gini coefficient of 0.58 surpasses Dillon and Hardaker's [3] 0.35 threshold for equitable distribution, indicating substantial income inequality. This coefficient and the Lorenz curve's large departure from 45 degrees highlight household income inequality. The result of the income distribution shows that 40% of total income comes from earnings above N80,000, although just 13% of respondents. This disproportionate contribution shows how money affects animal protein food demand. Animal protein affordability was the biggest barrier for 80.75% of responders. According to the rule of demand, greater prices decrease demand [2]. Transportation and production costs make animal protein expensive. Major animal protein meals are sold mostly in urban markets, making them inaccessible to rural residents. Low-income earners also struggle to build sustainable animal protein sources like fish ponds and cattle rearing due to inadequate private and government credit. This study emphasizes the need to reduce income disparity and increase the availability of inexpensive animal protein meals to improve Gombi Local Government families' nutritional well-being.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Gwandi, O
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v2/1203

Arsenic Toxicities in Animals: Mechanisms, Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Strategies | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 11

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element present in the earth in various form (arsenate, arsenite) contaminates soil, water and causes toxicity to animal as well as human beings. Arsenic in various forms/compounds were releases about 7800 metric tons every year, contributing to widespread contamination. Arsenic found in cattle, sheep, chicken and ducks even in fishes due to water contamination, threatening animal food safety, so it is of serious matter need to take steps to get rid of. Arsenic circulates through natural and human activities, causing arsenic contamination of the human and animal habitat. The main routes of exposure of humans and most animals to arsenic through the ingestion then absorption through the skin. Animals having Arsenic intoxication showing various form per acute, acute and chronic form. Dehydration, weakness diarrhea and vomiting are the important symptoms were seen in affected animals. In case of sudden exposure, first treatment is to removal of contaminants, emesis is first step (in capable species), followed by activated charcoal with a cathartic and then oral administration of demulcents. If diagnosis were confirmed early treatment should be started with Dimercaprol, even is given within two hours after ingestion of the toxic metal. Intramuscular injection or intravenous injection in peanut oil because of water insolubility was the reason. Supportive therapy include fluid therapy produce additive effect and animal will improve the health condition. Nowadays various preparation available in market including curcumin (Haldi) is herbal compound can also be given @ 400 mg/kg will be very effective.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Kranti Sharma
Daushree Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Visvavidhalaya, Anjora, Durg, India.

 

Mukesh Sharma
Daushree Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Visvavidhalaya, Anjora, Durg, India.

 

Manoj Kumar Gendley
Daushree Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Visvavidhalaya, Anjora, Durg, India.

 

Namita Shukla
Daushree Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Visvavidhalaya, Anjora, Durg, India.

 

Shraddha nety
Daushree Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Visvavidhalaya, Anjora, Durg, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v11/4870

Evaluation of the Safety and Anti-cholangiocarcinoma Efficacy of CMC-Formulated Atractylodes lancea Rhizome Extract in Animal Models | Chapter 4 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 1

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is commonly reported in Asia, with the highest incidence in northeastern Thailand. The lack of effective chemotherapeutic drugs has limited the chemotherapy of CCA. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies support further research and development of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL) as a potential candidate for treating CCA as a crude ethanolic extract.

Aim: In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity and anti-CCA activity of the CMC (Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control) capsule formulation of the ethanolic rhizome extract of AL (CMC-AL) in animals.

Methods: This experimental, preclinical study focused on a pharmacological agent's safety (toxicity) and efficacy in animal models. The study included toxicity testing (to assess the formulation's safety) and anticancer efficacy testing (to evaluate its therapeutic potential). Major steps included acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity testing in Wistar rats and anti-CCA activity in a CCA-xenografted nude mouse model. According to the OECD guideline, the safety of CMC-AL was determined based on the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). The anti-CCA activity of CMC-AL in nude mice was evaluated after transplantation of CL-6 cells to evaluate inhibitory effects on tumor size progression and metastasis and survival time prolongation. Safety assessments included hematology, biochemistry parameters and histopathological examination. Lung metastasis was investigated using a VEGF ELISA kit.

Results: Preclinical toxicity testing (acute, subchronic, and chronic) is essential to confirm the safety of the finished products, either chemicals or herbal products. All evaluations confirmed satisfactory pharmaceutical properties of oral formulation and safety profile of the CMC-AL with no overt toxicity up to the MTD and NOAEL of 5,000 and 3,000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. CMC-AL exhibited potent anti-CCA efficacy concerning inhibitory activity on tumor progression and lung metastasis.

Conclusions: CMC-AL is safe and should be further investigated in a clinical trial as a potential therapy for CCA patients. The findings confirmed the safety profile of the CMC formulation of the standardized AL extract following a prolonged period of 365 days.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Tullayakorn Plengsuriyakarn
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Pharmacology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand and Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.

 

Kesara Na-Bangchang
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Pharmacology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand, Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand and Drug Discovery and Development Center, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v1/3511

Heterologous Prime-boost as COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies: Towards a Nationwide Implementation | Chapter 6 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

Both immunisation and hyperimmunization can be used to prime the immune system. Mammalian animal models are primed to initiate the first immune response, which results in the maturation of effector cells. Immune cells are stimulated by Boost, turning them become memory immune cells that take part in subsequent immune response events. Vaccination protocols employ prime, homologous prime-boost, and/or heterologous prime-boost strategies. Both humans and mammalian laboratory animals can employ this theme. The immune systems of mice, pigs, and primates perform similarly to but not exactly like that of humans. As of now, in terms of creating and producing vaccines. When transferring from a mammalian study animal to a person, there could be variations in responses and/or adverse consequences from immunisation. In national and international vaccination programmes for infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccines for the welfare of humans, homologous prime-boost is the normal and typical approach. The medical community and suppliers of vaccines are becoming less inclined to use heterologous prime boost procedures. Daily studies are being conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of utilising heterologous prime-boost in covid-19 mass vaccination. This legitimacy was the main topic of the current chapter. Researchers came to one of three results: I it reactivates immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and/or effectiveness; ii) these conclusions are equally effective; and iii) the preference recommendation is to use it for mass immunisation of COVID-19. The recommendation of an international authority in this matter is still pending. However, there aren't many human volunteer trials with heterologous COVID-19 vaccines that have been reported.

Author (s) Details:

Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa,
Department of Anesthesia, Hilla University College, Iraq and Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, University of Qasim, Babylon, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V4/article/view/7508