Economic Prospects for Integrating Superior Cocoa Clones into People's Coconut Plantation Systems: Evidence from North Sulawesi, Indonesia | Chapter 2 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

Some research shows that the economic value of coconut should be able to produce more than 10 processed products, but the current condition of the value of farmers ' income is very low, the economic value is limited to the primary product in the form of copra or coconut granules. The low income of farmers occurred about 4-5 decades ago and there is no right solution to increase the income of farmers per unit of coconut farming unit. The cocoa commodity is one of the effective options to increase revenue per unit of coconut farming unit significantly. The purpose of writing is to propose the potential of available resources to increase the income of coconut farmers with cocoa interstitial plant business in coconut plantation areas. The approach of writing in the form of reviews, sources of Information quoted from several articles, and the results of previous studies in the development of cocoa farming in coconut areas. The implementation of superior clone cocoa farming in coconut areas intensively in just a short time (2-3 years) cocoa began to produce optimally in the 4th year. Cocoa cultivation in intensive coconut areas will be sustainable input allocation efficiency with revenue 5-6 times from only monoculture coconut farming.

 

Author (s) Details

Jantje G. Kindangen
Research Center for Macroeconomics and Finance, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Agustinus N. Kairupan
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

G. H. Joseph
Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Paulus C. Paat
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

Ronald T. P. Hutapea
Research Center for Macroeconomics and Finance, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/2377

Bidirectional Volatility Spillovers between Spot and Futures Markets: A Comparative Analysis of CSI 300 and CSI 500 Indexes |Chapter 1 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

Aims: This paper investigates the volatility spillover effect from spot to futures (or futures to spot) and examines the differences between the CSI 300 and CSI 500 indexes.

Study Design: Empirical analysis using Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model.

Place and Duration of Study: The daily closing prices of CSI 300 index, CSI 500 index, CSI 300 index futures, and CSI 500 index futures from April 16, 2015, to April 16, 2024, are selected for the empirical study.

Methodology: The GARCH model is employed due to its effectiveness in capturing time-varying volatility and analyzing the volatility spillover effect from spot to futures (or futures to spot), as well as to examine the holiday effect and Tuesday effect in volatility of daily returns of CSI 300 index, CSI 500 index, CSI 300 index futures, and CSI 500 index futures.

Results: A significant bidirectional spillover effect between futures and spots exists in the CSI 300 and CSI 500 indexes. In addition, the holiday effect and the Tuesday effect are detected in the volatility of daily returns of the CSI 300 index, CSI 500 index, CSI 300 index futures, and CSI 500 index futures.

Conclusion: The CSI 500 index has a larger volatility spillover effect than the CSI 300 index, implying that small and mid-cap companies are more susceptible to market fluctuations than large-cap companies. These findings have important implications for investors and policymakers, particularly regarding risk management.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Luyao Ju
Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

 

Hisashi Tanizaki
Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/2310

 

Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: Evidence from Empirical Research | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5

 

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are defined as paroxysmal episodes which clinically resemble epileptic seizures but, unlike the latter, do not show an epileptiform discharge on ictal vEEG electrodes.  An estimated 15% to 30% of patients referred to epilepsy-monitoring units for drug-resistant epilepsy walk away with a diagnosis of PNES. Seizures that do not produce an epileptiform discharge on the ictal video electroencephalogram (vEEG) will likely garner the ‘rule in’ diagnosis of PNES, or Conversion Disorder in modern nomenclature. The absence of an epileptiform discharge is considered proof that the seizure is not epileptic and thus, it presumably has a psychological origin. For decades, the scalp EEG has been hailed as the ‘gold standard’ for distinguishing PNES from epilepsy and a great deal of empirical data has been amassed on the PNES patient population. Though the PNES diagnostic entity is treated as a proven fact, in truth, it rests on but one hypothesis that might explain a negative scalp EEG. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and assess whether the hypothesis that underlies the PNES diagnosis is supported or refuted by the empirical data. Since not all epileptic seizures produce a scalp EEG correlate, an epileptic seizure is a recognised competing hypothesis for a negative scalp finding. Studies that gather data from both scalp and intracranial EEG recordings show that scalp-negative epileptic seizures are not uncommon, but in modern epilepsy-monitoring units, they are at high risk of being mislabeled PNES. Both epilepsy and PNES patient populations show pervasive brain disease, including structural alterations and both are considered network disorders. Both seizure types have remitted or failed to remit on AEDs, and both conditions demonstrate instances of prolonged seizure activity, designated status epilepticus and pseudo-status epilepticus in patients with epilepsy and PNES, respectively. To assess for such diagnostic error, it must turn to the empirical evidence, which shows that the clinical profiles of PNES and epilepsy patient populations are identical. The similarities are striking, and the only data the PNES hypothesis can explain is a negative scalp EEG. Conversely, the competing epileptic hypothesis seamlessly accounts for the bulk of the findings on patients with seizures labelled PNES. The diagnostic terrain is further muddied by the ongoing conflation of conscious feigning with conversion disorder, which represents a long-standing conceptual error. The data establishes that the PNES patient population consists primarily of patients with epilepsy, along with a smattering of factitious and likely psychotic disorders, thereby exposing the PNES diagnostic entity as a hypothetical construct that does not exist. Diagnostic theory and practice in epilepsy-monitoring units must be revisited.  Intracranial monitoring, seizure-alert trained dogs, high-density scalp EEG, scalp-negative seizure detectors, and scalp EEG zero-crossing patterns could all provide further proof that the PNES population consists primarily of patients with epilepsy.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Catherine A Carlson
Psychological Services Division, Minnesota Judicial Branch, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v5/5144

Anatomy, Clinical Significance, and Management of Struthers’ Ligament: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 10 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5

The Struthers’ ligament in most cases, connects the supracondylar process of the humerus and the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The median nerve and the brachial artery pass deep to this ligament, compressing these neurovascular bundles, creating ischemic and neural alterations. Besides the Struthers’ ligament, there are other reasons for the compression of the median nerve which should be excluded. But there are reports that though the Struthers’ ligament is present it still does not cause compressive neuropathy of the median nerve. Moreover, though classically the Struthers’ ligament is reported to connect the supracondylar process of the humerus and medial epicondyle of the humerus but there are cases where the Struthers’ ligament is observed in the absence of the supracondylar process of the humerus.  The compressive neuropathy caused by the Struthers’ ligament is managed by surgical excision of this ligament. Thus, the aim of the chapter is to highlight the anatomy of the Struthers’ ligament, causes and clinical implications caused by it and treatment to relieve neuropathy caused by the Struthers’ ligament. So, the literature was explored using various databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Scielo, Medline, etc. Knowledge of the varied anatomy of Struthers’ ligament will be of paramount importance in treating neuropathies caused by compression of structures passing deep to Struthers’ ligament.

 

Author (s) Details

Rajani Singh
Department of Anatomy, UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai Etawah 206130, UP, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v5/5602

 

Clinical Approaches to Pediatric Urinary Incontinence: Current Trends and Challenges | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5

Pediatric urinary incontinence is a common condition characterised by the involuntary loss of urine in children beyond the age at which bladder control is typically achieved, usually around five years. Pediatric urinary incontinence affects 10% of children at age 7. It encompasses a range of presentations, including nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) and daytime incontinence, and can be classified as either monosymptomatic or non-monosymptomatic. The aetiology is often multifactorial, involving functional, behavioural, anatomic, neurologic, and sometimes psychological components. A thorough evaluation, including medical history, physical examination, and basic investigations such as urinalysis and ultrasound, is essential to determine the underlying cause. Management strategies focus on education, behavioural interventions, lifestyle modifications, and, when necessary, pharmacologic therapy such as desmopressin or anticholinergic agents. Most children respond well to treatment. Non-pharmacological approaches like biofeedback and neuromodulation improve children's condition with a response rate between 40% and 90%. But resistance to pharmacological treatments persists. Limited evidence calls for further research in this field.

 

Author (s) Details

Rutuben Bhavsar
College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, and Women’s Health Physiotherapist, India.

 

Pooja Thakur
College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v5/5551

Understanding Histological Pattern of Testicular Biopsies in North Indian Population for the Management of Male Infertility | Chapter 8 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5

Background: Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse. The investigation of male infertility includes history, physical examination, biochemical investigations, semen analysis and testicular biopsy. To interpret the testicular causes, biopsy of the testis and its classification becomes an important tool for diagnosis. Biopsy is mostly done in severe oligozoospermic or azoospermic patients. Biopsies are also important in recent times due to the introduction of Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) because they determine the level of spermatogenesis.

 

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate histological patterns of testicular biopsies in the North Indian population and re-examine the way of categorising them to improve management of male infertility.

 

Methods: The study was carried out on 30 infertile patients who were either azoospermic (nil to <2 x10⁶ sperms/ml) or severely oligozoospermic (<5 x10⁶ sperms/ml). Testicular biopsy of these patients was taken after obtaining ethical clearance and written consent from the patients. The biopsy was processed, stained and assessed using haematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome. They were classified into different histological types. They were also categorised by modified Johnsen scoring. The morphology of biopsied tissues was studied qualitatively with respect to the tubules, basement membrane and interstitium. To study the increased connective tissue, Masson’s trichrome staining was used.

 

Results: In the present study, the testicular biopsy has been classified into seven categories. One of the classifications is that of the highly homogenous mass, which is an addition to the studies done previously. The biopsies were classified histologically into obstructive azoospermia in 4 cases (13.33%). Hypospermatogenesis in 5 cases (16.66%), maturation arrest in 3 cases (10%), sertoli cell only syndrome in 3 cases (10%), seminiferous tubule hyalinization in 7 cases (23.33%), mixed patterns in ⁶ cases (20%) and highly cellular homogenous tissue in 2 cases (6.66%). The last condition has not been classified in the literature cited.

 

Conclusions: This study helps to determine the level of spermatogenesis, and by analysing the nature of different germ cells, the findings may be applied in assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Consideration of the biopsy being taken from a particular part of the testis must be kept in mind, and there might be the possibility of spermatogenesis occurring in some other quadrant. The patient needs to be explained this.

 

Author (s) Details

Arpita Mahajan
Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi-110002, India.

 

Smita Kakar
Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi-110002, India.

J. M. Kaul
Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi-110002, India.

 

Sabita Mishra
Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi-110002, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v5/5563

 

Pathophysiology and Complications of Portal Hypertension in Liver Cirrhosis | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5

Portal hypertension is responsible for most of the complications that mark the transition from compensated to decompensated cirrhosis, namely variceal haemorrhage, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. Portal hypertension also seems to be pathogenetically closely linked to the development of pulmonary complications seen in liver disease: hepatopulmonary syndrome and porto-pulmonary hypertension.

 

Gastroesophageal varices result almost solely from portal hypertension, although the hyperdynamic circulation contributes to variceal growth and rupture. Ascites results from sinusoidal hypertension (portal hypertension) and sodium retention, which is, in turn, secondary to vasodilatation and activation of neurohumoral systems. The predictive value of noninvasive methods such as fibroscan, spleen size, portal vein diameter, and transient elastography in the diagnosis of oesophagal varices remains to be established. Hepatorenal syndrome results from extreme vasodilatation with extreme decrease in effective blood volume and maximal activation of vasoconstrictive systems, renal vasoconstriction, and renal failure, which is probably an indirect effect of the changes in splanchnic circulation. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a frequent precipitant of the hepatorenal syndrome, results from deficient immunity and mucosal defences, resulting in pathological gut bacterial translocation. Hepatic encephalopathy results from portosystemic shunting and hepatic insufficiency, leading to the accumulation of neurotoxins, mainly ammonia, in the brain. The development of portal hypertension and its complications has important prognostic value. Management of portal hypertension needs to be individualised to attain maximum benefit and appropriate utilisation of scarce resources.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Harshal Rajekar
Medicover Hospitals, KLE, Bhosari, Pune, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v5/5542