Recently Enhanced Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Regeneration and Extensive Penetration towards the Head of the Handölan Valley: Reversal of a Long-Term Retrogressional Trend – Contrasting Responses to Climate Change of Tree- and Forest Line | Chapter 3 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 With an emphasis on climate change, this study examines the latest history and output of widely spaced pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree- and forest lines in a mountain valley in the southern Swedish Scandes. Over the last two decades, the treeline ecotone's geriatric structure and physiognomy have been significantly rejuvenated. By the early twentieth century and the mid-1970s, historical documents had clearly defined these "lines." Following that, their diverse performances have been studied up to the present day. Both lines are currently found within the subalpine mountain birch forest belt (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii). As a result, the evolution of the birch forest matrix has an effect on their history, current, and future changes. Between the early twentieth century and the mid-1970s, the pine forest and treeline locations remained relatively stable. In response to 20th century climate warming, forest line populations increased in number and density, but their positions remained unchanged. By the mid-1970s, the treeline, which consists of dispersed solitary, fast-growing, and vigorous trees, had moved 135 metres up-valley through the birch forest belt to a site about 12 kilometres south of the spot. The existence of the subalpine birch forest belt is thought to be responsible for the vast separation of forest and tree line. This claim is backed by the outlier old-established pine trees' robust growth and proliferous reproduction, resulting in a radical generation change in the treeline ecotone. This process is most visible in birch forest gaps. As a result, under current climatic conditions, the future pine forest line is thought to be much farther south (and higher) than it is now within the competing birch forest belt. This forest range is likely to be realised in the case of future climate change, given the subalpine birch forest's demise due to drought. This would be a return to the early and middle Holocene, when pine dominated the upper tree line ecotone and the birch belt was underdeveloped.

Author (s) Details

Leif Kullman
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, ZSE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.

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Facies Analysis and Depositional Environment of the Sarvak Formation (Cenomanian) in the Zagros Basin (SW of Iran) | Chapter 2 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 Two stratigraphic sections of the Sarvak Formation were chosen for this analysis, the Bavan and Kherameh sections. The Sarvak Formation has been studied over 379.5 metres and 260 thin parts. Foraminifers and index microfacies have been discovered. Boundstone, Wackestone, and Packstone are index microfacies. Bioclasts have been found to have a higher frequency than the other microfacies elements. 14 sublithofacies have been identified in three depositional environments based on the type and abundance of skeletal and nonskeletal grains, as well as the type of matrix. 3) The sea is open. The determined microfacies were deposited in a Homoclinal Ramp Carbonate Platform. The Sarvak Formation is Cenomanian in age, according to micropalentological evidence.

Author (s) Details

Massih Afghah
Department of Geology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

Hamid Reza Fadaei
Department of Geology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

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An Application of Agent-Based Modeling to Sustainable Natural Resource Management | Chapter 1 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 Decision-support systems can be used to measure the complexity of systems as well as forecast and analyse policies. Agent-based modelling (ABM) is a relatively new approach for modelling complex systems in which independent and interconnected agents play a role. Simulations aid in estimating and comprehending evolving patterns that necessitate the development of new legislation for local agents to change the structure incrementally. This study uses this approach to create the Befergyonet ABM, which is used to run computer simulations in a spatio-intertemporal environment on beef cattle. The methodology presented in this paper is solely intended to encourage the use of cutting-edge computer programmes to simulate complex structures as a means of representing real-world events, and it can serve as a methodological guide for readers interested in creating their own ABM. This research can also serve as a useful example of how ABM can contribute to solutions that are more efficient and consistent with both private and societal outcomes, given the increasing interest in optimal natural resource allocation under alternative carbon sequestration, price, and policy regimes, as well as climate-based uncertainty.

Author (s) Details

Inocencio Rodríguez González
Department of Social Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Arecibo, Puerto Rico

Gerard E. D’Souza
College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA

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An Audit of Laparoscopic Surgery in a Developing Country in East Africa at the Beginning of a Surgeon's Learning Curve | Chapter 16 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Background: Laparoscopic surgery has been used for surgical access in a variety of situations. The gold standard treatment for cholecystitis in the West is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy, on the other hand, has sparked debate due to its high cost and time-consuming existence, as well as the numerous trocar sites, which all add up to the duration of an open appendicectomy incision.Laparoscopic surgery has many benefits, including a faster return to daily life, a shorter hospital stay, and less postoperative analgesia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the initial experience of laparoscopic units in a developing country in East Africa.

The thesis was performed retrospectively in the Department of Surgery. This research included all patients who agreed to laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic appendicectomy within the first 13 months.

Ten (10) patients consented to laparoscopic cholecystectomies with a male:female ratio of 1:2.33, and twenty (20) patients consented to laparoscopic appendicectomies with a male:female ratio of 1:1.2. The average operating time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 58.5 minutes and for laparoscopic appendicectomy was 40.45 minutes. For laparoscopic cholecystectomy, post-operative admission lasted 3 to 5 days, with a mean of 4.2 days, and for laparoscopic appendicectomy, it lasted 2 to 5 days, with a mean of 2.65 days. Aside from a spinal headache in two patients (2.6 percent) out of the total laparoscopic procedures, no other complications were identified. During the one-month follow-up period, there were no readmissions.

Conclusions: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendicectomy are safe and allow for early discharge. The low incidence of cholecystitis in Uganda, relative to the higher incidence of appendicitis, supports the use of laparoscopic appendicectomy for hand and eye coordination training rather than cholecystectomy. The surgeons' initial cases of laparoscopic procedures have shown an acceptable degree of protection, indicating that laparoscopic appendicectomy is a viable option for learning the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery.

Author (s) Details

Richard Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda and Department of Surgery, Habib Medical School, IUIU University, Kampala, Uganda.

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A Case Report and Literature Review on Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli in East Africa | Chapter 15 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The first paragraph is an introduction. In East Africa, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an unusual diagnosis. It occurs around puberty and is less common in females than in males. The author describes a case of a 21-year-old man who had blood-stained stool on occasion and was diagnosed with familial adenomatous polyposis coli. Following that, a study of the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and treatment options for FAP in East Africa is presented.

This patient presented with a rectal mass, blood soaked stool, and a clear family history of familial adenomatous polyposis. The procedure included a complete proctocolectomy and ileoanal anastomosis. This patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful.

On the resected colorectal specimen, the usual gross pathological and histological features of familial adenomatous polyposis and rectal adenocarcinoma were visible. In addition, this research examines the literature on familial adenomatous polyposis coli's clinical appearance, pathological characteristics, and treatment options.

Conclusion: In a young patient with a long family history of CRC, FAP should always be considered. Patients with early symptoms, as well as those with a long family history of FAP, may have a colonoscopy. A proctocolectomy and Brooke ileostomy would not be a suitable choice in a young patient in East Africa because the existence of a permanent stoma is considered unacceptable.

Author (s) Details

Richard Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda and Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

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Perioperative Management of a Caesarean Section in a Patient with Isolated Pulmonic Stenosis and Severe Pre-eclampsia- Learning from a Case Report | Chapter 14 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Isolated Pulmonic Stenosis is a relatively uncommon cardiac lesion that causes a right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and possibly a fixed right sided cardiac output. The magnitude of the stenosis and the peak pressure gradient are used to assign a grade. When administering an anaesthetic to such a patient, a detailed understanding of the complexities of a cardiac lesion is essential. Concomitant pregnancy in a woman with Pulmonary Stenosis further complicates matters. Early detection, increased antenatal visits as the pregnancy progresses, and the formulation of a labour, delivery, and childbirth plan are all important. It is recommended that cardiac decompensation be avoided, fetomaternal sufficiency be maintained, and post-operative management be provided in an enhanced maternal care environment.

Author (s) Details

Supriya Preman Thazhath Pullayikudi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India.

Nirmal Sheshagiri
Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Cytecare Hospital, Bangalore, India.

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The Improvement in Cardiovascular Risk Markers with Glimepiride in Pre-diabetic non-obese Subjects: Similar to Obese Cohort Treated with Metformin | Chapter 13 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Background: Over a 5- to 9-year period (mean, 7.20.2), we found that glimepiride was more effective than metformin in delaying the progression from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes in non-obese subjects. Metformin was the first-line treatment for newly diagnosed diabetics who were overweight. Furthermore, neither group experienced any deaths or adverse cardiovascular conditions, which could be due to beneficial improvements in lipids and cardiovascular surrogate markers. The impact of interventions on lipids and cardiovascular surrogate markers, on the other hand, was not documented.

Prior to intervention, cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid fractions, such as serum Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDLC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDLC), and other markers, such as homocysteine (HomC), highly sensitive C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Fibrinogen (FIBR), and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor1 (PAI1).

Subjects and Methods: The sample included 18 non-obese subjects, 10 men and 8 women between the ages of 27 and 78, and 20 obese subjects, 10 men and 10 women between the ages of 32 and 81, who had pre-diabetes (fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dl and/or HbA1c of 5.7 to 6.4 percent). The research lasted 5 to 9 years (mean: 7.20.2). Glimepiride was given to non-obese subjects, while metformin was given to obese subjects. At each visit during the study, subjects were counselled on lifestyle intervention (appropriate diet and exercise).Individual lipids and CV markers were compared at the start of the study, six months later, and at the end of the study for each group, as well as between groups for baseline and end-of-study levels.

Results: In the glimepiride group, significant improvements in all parameters occurred after treatment (Post Rx) at 6 months and were sustained until the end of the study. HbA1C ( percent ): 6.2 0.2, 5.5 0.1*, 5.7 0.1*; TC (mg/dl): 212 15, 174 13*, 178 14*; TG (mg/dl): 202 32, 162 28*, 178 14*; LD HDLC was not affected in any way. Obese people who were given metformin experienced similar improvements. There were no major differences between the two groups at the start, 6 months, or end of the research.

Conclusion: Glimepiride is equally efficient in enhancing lipid profiles and cardiovascular surrogate markers in nonobese subjects with Pre diabetes as metformin is in obese subjects, explaining similar cardiovascular results in both classes.

Author (s) Details

Reshma Esmail
Mount Saint Mary College, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Udaya Manohar Kabadi
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA and Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.

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