Investigating the Impact of Quebracho Tannins Supplementation on Productive and Reproductive Efficiency of Dairy Cows | Chapter 14 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

This research was conducted to investigate the impact on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and composition, blood metabolites and reproductive efficiency for 12 weeks of supplementing two doses of que-bracho tannins (QT; 100 or 200 g/cow/d; QT100 or QT200) pre- and post-parturition to thirty Holstein dairy cows. Due to QT in the transition cycle of dairy cows, no major changes in DMI were observed. Compared to untreated dairy cows, QT supplementation at either stage decreased milk yield (P < 0.004), fat-corrected milk (FCM) and feed quality (FE; P < 0.016). There was no major effect of QT supplementation on milk fat, lactose percentage and protein and solid non-fat (SNF) yields, while the protein percentage of treated cows increased substantially compared to control cows. Treatment time has had a substantial influence on the composition of the milk. On milk fat and protein percentages, the only time for treatment experiences was found. The total number of ovarian follicles, number of large follicles, diameter of the largest follicle, number of tiny follicles, number and diameter of the corpus luteum, and progesterone concentration appeared to decrease (P > 0.05) with QT supplementation. Compared to monitor cows, the addition of QT increased open days and the number of facilities per conception, which subsequently decreased the conception rate. In contrast with their values in control cows, QT100 decreased (P < 0.05) serum total protein, globulin, glucose and triglyceride concentrations. The addition of commercial QT to dairy cows during their transformation time has therefore had a negative effect on production and reproductive efficiency. For specific judgement on the effects of commercial QT on ruminant diets, further studies using different proportions of RDP and RUP are warranted.

Author(s) Details

Marwa F. A. Attia
Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Adel N. M. Nour El-Din
Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Samir Z. El-Zarkouny
Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt and Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Hani M. El-Zaiat
Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Moustafa M. Zeitoun
Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt and Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

Sobhy M. A. Sallam
Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

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Multiple Mycotoxin Contamination in Mexican Raw Maize | Chapter 13 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 For its protection and quality, the maize raw seed has pesticides, to prevent its consumption it is treated with dyes that mark that it should not be used other than for planting. The goal of this research was to identify the existence of mycotoxins in the sowing of the raw seed. Two samples that were analysed by LC/MS/MS, classified as pink 1 and pink 2, were used. A pattern of 20 mycotoxins in both samples was shown in the results. Aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AG2) 16.2 ng g-1, trichothecenes (Nivalenol, Neosolanol, fusarenone X, DAS, HT-2, FB1, FB2, FB3, T-2, Zearalenone and two derivatives with a concentration of 242.5 ng g-1, enniantine 8.6 ng g-1, 8.7 ng g-1, Ochratoxin A, Sterigmatocystin 6.5 ng g-1, Roquefortine C, 2.5 ng g-1. In the Pink 2 study, aflatoxin 17.7 ng g-1, 343 ng g-1 trichothecenes, Ochratoxin 8.9 ng g-1, Sterigmatocystin 6.5 ng g-1, Roquefortin C, 3.3 ng g-1. The highest content of mycophenolic acid was 592 and 479 ng g -1, respectively. Additionally, the dyes in these samples may have stopped further mycotoxins from being isolated and identified. The occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in raw maize seed is shown by the first monitoring carried out in this study, which indicates that the use of high-quality raw materials substantially decreases mycotoxin contamination in the final products.

Author(s) Details

S. D. Peña B
Department of Animal and Agricultural Production, Laboratory of Toxicology, UAM-X, Calzada del Hueso 1100 Col Villa Quietud, D.F. CP 04260, México.

E. Posadas M
Department of Animal Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, Mexico.

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Study on Skeletal Anatomy of the Pectoral Girdle, Stylopodium and Zeugopodium of Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1802) (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) | Chapter 12 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 Via new findings, using a reference tissue that is in a complex phase of forming and resorption, the creation of the skeleton can be better understood. The skeletal frame, once established, is responsible for supporting the body, protecting the internal organs and helping to travel, as well as for hematopoiesis, mineral homeostasis and triglyceride storage. The young adult male specimen C was used in this study. 1.50 m long latirostris, belonging to the collection of the Federal University of Uberlândia Wild Animal Research Laboratory, fixed in 10 per cent formol. The skin, viscera and pectoral girdle, stylopodium and zeugopodium bone muscles of the specimens were removed and the bones were marked, registered and represented in photographs taken with a digital camera. The results show that the features of the pectoral girdle, stylopodium and zeugopodium skeletal anatomy of C. As they show inter- and intraspecific behavioural similarities, latirostris resembles that of its ancestors and extends to other crocodilians.

Author(s) Details

Mariluce Ferreira Romão

Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Rua Piauí, Bloco 4s, Bairro Jardim Umuarama, MG, Brazil.

André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Rua Piauí, Bloco 4s, Bairro Jardim Umuarama, MG, Brazil.

Fabiano Campos Lima
Laboratory of Comparative and Human Anatomy, Federal University of Goias (UFG), Jatoba Unit, Highway, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.

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Study on Milk Quality of Etawa Crossbred Dairy Goat Fed Combination of Fermented Oil Palm Fronds, Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) and Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum) | Chapter 11 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 Goat milk, because of its many health benefits, is very popular with Indonesian citizens. Owing to its smaller fat content, and in a more homogeneous state, goat's milk is easier to digest than cow's milk. It is important to research the use of alternative feeds to improve the quality of goat milk. Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of Phanerochaete chrysosporium with Tithonia (T) and elephant grass (EG) on the milk content of Etawa crossbreed dairy goat on fermented oil palm fronds (FOPF) as roughage (ECDG). Methodology: This study used a randomised complete design consisting of four treatment groups: T1 = 20% FOPF+16% T+64% EG, T2 = 20% FOPF+32% T+48% EG, T3 = 20% FOPF+48% T+32% EG and T4 = 20% FOPF+64% T+16% EG. This study used a randomised complete design consisting of four treatment groups. Four replicates per treatment were used. Data were analysed using variance analysis (ANOVA) and discrepancies between the means of treatment were evaluated with 5 and 1% confidence intervals using Duncan's multiple range tests (DMRT). Milk content parameters were calculated, i.e. protein, fat, lactose and mineral quality (Ca and P). Results: Results showed that the combination of FOPF with Phanerochaete chrysosporium with T and EG may significantly increase the concentration of milk minerals (Ca and P) (p<0.01), but there was no impact on protein, fat and lactose milk concentrations (p>0.05). Conclusion: FOPF can be used as an alternative feed for animals by combining Phanerochaete chrysosporium with T and EG. For dairy goats, the ideal feed was 20 percent FOPF + 64 percent T+ 16 percent EGF (treatment D).

Author(s) Details

Novirman Jamarun
Novirman Jamarun, Roni Pazla, Mardiati Zain and Arief, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia.

Roni Pazla
Novirman Jamarun, Roni Pazla, Mardiati Zain and Arief, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia.

Mardiati Zain
Novirman Jamarun, Roni Pazla, Mardiati Zain and Arief, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia.

Arief
Novirman Jamarun, Roni Pazla, Mardiati Zain and Arief, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia.

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Assessment and Characterization of Haptoglobin Isotype in Milk of Mastitis-Affected Cows | Chapter 10 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 Haptoglobin is a major bovine acute phase protein and is reported to increase serum and milk whey during mastitis, underlining its potential as a biomarker for diagnosis. Since it is known that haptoglobin undergoes tissue-specific glycosylation resulting in various isoforms, this study was conducted to classify haptoglobin isoforms. Milk whey fraction and serum collected from animals with or without clinical mastitis were subjected to SDS-PAGE accompanied by western blot and haptoglobin protein immuno-detection in Puducherry, India. In a serum sample collected from clinical cases, all subunits (β, α1 and α2) of haptoglobin protein were found. However, in the milk whey fraction collected from the respective animals, only the β-subunit was found. Similar findings were found for milk whey fractions from subclinical cases, suggesting variations in haptoglobin isoform detected in serum milk whey. RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) study of the haptoglobin (Hp) gene, supporting the tissue-specific origin of haptoglobin, further confirmed this.

Author(s) Details

Indu Upadhyaya
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

Jacob Thanislass
Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry 605009, India.

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Recent Advancement in Immuno-Detection of C3a, a C3 Complement Activated Product in Mastitis Milk, a Potential Diagnostic Marker | Chapter 9 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 The subclinical type of mastitis is difficult to diagnose and causes the dairy industry to suffer tremendous economic losses. It has become a danger to public health as a whole, so a definite diagnosis of the disease is required. Due to its adverse effect on milk production and quality and its effects on public health, subclinical mastitis is of greater significance within the sense of mastitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a novel diagnostic marker to diagnose the subclinical type of mastitis. The presence of proteose peptone component 3 precursor, trypsin precursor, complement component-C3, Ig heavy chain precursors and a C-type lectin domain as differentially expressed protein during the early stage of mastitis was discovered by two-dimensional gel analysis of the whey protein fraction of normal and mastitis milk samples.  Complement component-C3 was evaluated for its diagnostic potential among these proteins found. The Western blot analysis of milk whey in subclinical cases of mastitis (M+, M++ & M+++) established the accumulation of C3a, a complement component-C3 enabled substance. In addition, the hemolytic behaviour of the milk whey samples cited above correlated positively with the number of somatic cells. Since C3a has already been identified as an anaphylotoxic agent, chemo tactically attracts lymphocytes at the inflammation site, which can be diagnostically relevant for subclinical mastitis in the detection of milk whey. Therefore, for the diagnosis of mastitis, the use of the complement component may be considered, as it has been shown to be directly linked to the removal of microorganisms activated during infection and activated products such as C3a are detected in milk, as shown in this study.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Thanislass Jacob
Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry 605 009, India.

Gangasudan Subramani
Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry 605 009, India.

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Recent Advancement: Ethno-veterinary Formulation for Treatment of Bovine Mastitis | Chapter 8 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 Introduction: The aims of the research were to carry out a clinical trial of ethno-veterinary medicinal products for mastitis, to carry out an intervention effect review on the reduction of antibiotic residues in milk when herbal formulations are used, and to determine in vitro the pharmacological understanding of the ingredients in the formulations based on published literature and phytochemical evaluation. Methods: Mastitis herbal formulations have been reported by a healer, and protection and efficacy have been verified using the technique previously suggested[1]. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) approach has established clinical mastitis. Before and after treatment with Ethno-Veterinary Medicine (EVM), pH, Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and Electric Conductivity (EC) were controlled and reported in field studies involving 27 animals. For 7 days, freshly prepared fine herbal paste was applied externally over the udder 10 times a day. The udder was well washed with water prior to each application and the milk from all quarters was fully removed. Two lemon fruits were also fed twice daily to the affected cows. Before and after intervention, bulk milk samples were checked for the presence of antibiotic residue(s) in milk. Based on the literature and phytochemical examination, the pharmacological understanding of the ingredients in the formulation was evaluated. Results: In animals with mastitis, the select parameters (pH, SCC, EC) became standard within 6-7 days of treatment. The development of milk returned to near normal at the stage of pre-mastitis. Thus, with this formulation, mastitis can be treated effectively. The intervention effect review showed a reduction of antibiotic residues in milk by 18 to 49 percent. The [Aloe vera (L.) Burm Mix. F, Longa Curcuma L. Calcium hydroxide] works synergistically and, due to its wide range of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, offers an effective treatment for clinical mastitis. Conclusion: With this formulation, mastitis can be controlled effectively. The intervention effect study showed a reduction of antibiotic residues in milk by 18-49 percent. The [Aloe vera (L.) Burm Mix. F, Longa Curcuma L. Calcium hydroxide] works synergistically and, because of its wide range of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, offers an effective treatment for clinical mastitis. In the treatment of mastitis, this conventional formulation is very effective. The intervention impact analysis showed a decrease in antibiotic residues in milk of 18 to 49 percent, suggesting that natural products based on EVM are an important alternative to synthetic chemicals in the treatment of cattle mastitis.

Author(s) Details

M. N. Balakrishnan Nair
TransDisciplinary University, School of Health Sciences, Veterinary Ayurveda group, Bangalore-560106, Karnataka, India.

N. Punniamurthy
EVM Herbal Training and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur-613403, India.

P. Mekala
EVM Herbal Training and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur-613403, India.

N. Ramakrishnan
EVM Herbal Training and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur-613403, India.

S. K. Kumar
TransDisciplinary University, School of Health Sciences, Veterinary Ayurveda group, Bangalore-560106, Karnataka, India.
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