Volatile Organic Compounds Released from Spruce Wood during Thermal Loading | Chapter 1| Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Volatile organic products (VOCs) are irritants and toxic to humans and the environment. They are a result of the thermal degradation of wood. This paper focuses on the effect of different wood treatments on the formation of VOCs. Experiments were conducted on untreated (REF), thermally treated (TTW), and flame-retardant-treated spruce wood at temperatures of 150 °C, 200 °C, and 250 °C. VOCs were collected at the same time and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). At the temperature of 250 °C, the number of VOCs was increased significantly. Typical VOCs included furfural, furfuryl alcohol, and α-pinene. 54 compounds were identified in REF samples, which is the highest number; only 3 compounds (aliphatic hydrocarbons) were identified in TTW samples. Therefore, the treatment of wood affects the number and quality of VOCs. Analysis of VOCs is important to understand the process of burning and the toxic properties of compounds produced.

 

Author(s) Details

Katarína Trojanová
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.

 

Veronika Veľková
Department of Fire Protection, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.

 

František Kačík
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6686

Improvement of Geotechnical Properties of Heaving Soils Using Alternative Methods: A Review | Chapter 9 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 1

 In geotechnical practice, the recoil-swell behaviour of heaving soils causes meaningful damage to constructions. Soil stabilisation techniques helped to improve the strength of unsettled soils. Mechanical and chemical stabilisation methods are generally secondhand for these soils. Solid wastes are found plentifully worldwide, very few are reused, but a significant amount of mismanaged complete wastes is produced everywhere every year. This study aims to review the uses of solid wastes, electrokinetic methods, and warm treatment in lifting soil stabilisation and report their effectiveness and environmental issues. The procedure conducted in this place study consists of synthesizing the criterion-relevant research everything. The utilisation of solid wastes at different facet ratios bestowed throughout this study can improve various soil-engineering characteristics such as Atterberg limits, swell potential, Compaction traits, swelling pressure, shear substance, UCS, and CBR. The electrokinetic treatment plan applied on heaving soil reduces the lump potential (volume change) and considerably increases the soil strength. The thermal situation method resides of heating the lifting soil at 600°C. The fine fraction reduces significantly. The pliancy index, linear decrease, and swelling potential can be diminished by about 30%, 15- 27%, and 15- 38% respectively. The gdmax and OMC maybe enhanced by about 15%. The shear substance and CBR can be raised by about 30%. The utilisation of solid waste materials as a building input assisted achieve a dual purpose. The first search out reduce the antagonistic impact of the wastes on the geo-environment, and the second is substituting high-priced stabiliser materials such as thick and cement since the cost of adhesive, cement, and chemical stabiliser increases due to strength and raw material. However, the thermal treatment pattern increases the greenhouse vapor responsible for global heating.

Author(s) Details:

Armand Augustin Fondjo,
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Built Environment & Information Technology, Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa.

Bongiwe Vuwane,
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Built Environment & Information Technology, Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa

Elizabeth Theron,
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Built Environment & Information Technology, Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V1/article/view/12764

Preparation and Characterization of Glass-ceramic Composites from South African Coal Fly Ash: A Recent Study| Chapter 10 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 12

 Despite the fact that fly ash is mostly used in the construction industry in South Africa, a considerable amount of it is nevertheless dumped. Fly ash devitrification for the production of glass-ceramic composites has steadily become one of the applications being investigated internationally. The exploration of creating glass-ceramic composites from fly ash, various amounts of beverage waste glass, and magnesium oxide as key raw materials is reported in this paper. Fly ash was melted to make glasses. An arc furnace is used to melt the metal and its additives. The glasses were crystallised using a double-staged thermal treatment to generate glassceramic composites based on their behaviour when subjected to differential thermal analysis. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical, and chemical tests were used to evaluate the composition and behaviour of the glass-ceramic composites. As the magnesium oxide content in the glass-ceramic composites grew, so did the crystal content. The amount of content was increased. As the magnesium oxide content increased, the desirable diopside phase diminished, resulting in the development of forsterite and anorthite as the major and second major phases, respectively. Chemically and thermally resistant, the glass-ceramic composites with lower magnesium oxide content also displayed good cold compressive strength.

Author (s) Details

A. Modiga
Mintek, 200 Malibongwe Drive, Randburg, 2194, South Africa.

N. Sosibo
AECI Mining Chemicals, Corner of Bergius Road and Henry Street, Sasolburg, 1947, South Africa.

Mr. N. Singh
University of Johannesburg, Mineral Processing and Technology Research Centre, Department of Metallurgy, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Corner Siemert & Beit Streets, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V12/article/view/1287

Nano-sized WO3 Structures via Novel Chemical Approach: Temperature Influence | Chapter 1 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 3

 Due to its promising and remarkable properties, tungsten trioxide (WO3) has gotten a lot of attention. The starting material for the preparation of WO3 nanostructures in this study was tungsten carbide (WC). To confirm the transformation of WC to WO3 and investigate the temperature effect on these nanostructures, the obtained samples were annealed at various temperatures and characterised using various techniques. After annealing at 500 and 600°C for 5 hours in an air atmosphere, the prepared WO3 nanostructures crystallised into a monoclinic phase, according to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The temperature effect on the morphologies of nanostructures was highlighted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The nanostructures have a rod-like shape with uniform distribution after annealing at 500°C. However, the SEM picture taken at 600°C reveals an exceptional porous morphology with a hollow sphere-like shape. The structural composition and purity of the formed WO3 were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Our simple method proved to be a promising route for preparing WO3 nanostructures as high-performance materials for advanced applications, based on the experimental results.

Author (s) Details

Rhizlane Hatel
Group of Polymers and Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Sciences Dhar el Mahraz, University Sidi Mohammed ben Abdellah, P.O.Box 1796, Atlas, Fez, Morocco.

Mimouna Baitoul
Group of Polymers and Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Sciences Dhar el Mahraz, University Sidi Mohammed ben Abdellah, P.O.Box 1796, Atlas, Fez, Morocco.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V3/article/view/569